Martin Michael, Karenberg Axel, Fangerau Heiner
Institut für Geschichte, Theorie und Ethik der Medizin, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, Düsseldorf, Deutschland.
Medizinische Fakultät und Uniklinik Köln, Institut für Geschichte und Ethik der Medizin, Universität zu Köln, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 20, 50931, Köln, Deutschland.
Nervenarzt. 2020 Feb;91(Suppl 1):80-88. doi: 10.1007/s00115-019-00846-3.
In 1954 Karl Kleist (1879-1960) became an honorary member of the German Neurological Society (DGN), an honor that was granted 2 years earlier to his colleague Viktor von Weizsäcker (1886-1957). The attempt to classify and assess their careers between 1933 and 1945 led to diametrically opposed results in historical research. This article summarizes the main lines of argumentation and draws a preliminary conclusion. After 1933 Kleist is said to have felt more and more accountable for his non-Aryan colleagues and that he treated his Jewish patients as long as he could. Publications and third party testimonies confirmed that he circumvented at least occasionally the Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring (GzVeN). Furthermore, he is said to have saved patients from "euthanasia" actions by prudently formulated diagnoses. Simultaneously, he worked as an expert at the Appelate Hereditary Health Court in Frankfurt am Main, in 1940 he joined the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) and in 1942 the NS Medical Association. Von Weizsäcker used his scope of action in a similarly contradictory way. Certainly, he kept away from central Nazi organizations and was considered "politically unreliable" by those colleagues who had a penchant for the system. But as professor of neurology he formally headed from 1941 onwards exactly that Neuropathological Research Institute in Breslau (Wroclaw) where one of his colleagues examined the brains of minors who had been killed in the course of "child euthanasia", in what was called "concomitant research". To a certain extent von Weizsäcker was also an advocate of the GzVeN. In his lectures and publications between 1933 and 1935 he chose the pertinent NS terminology and he was the first to speak of a "theory of extermination". In either case, even meticulous research could not answer the question where to exactly assign both biographies in a spectrum between criticism and affirmation of National Socialism.
1954年，卡尔·克莱斯特（1879 - 1960）成为德国神经学会（DGN）的荣誉会员，这项荣誉早在两年前就已授予他的同事维克托·冯·魏茨泽克（1886 - 1957）。对他们在1933年至1945年间职业生涯进行分类和评估的尝试，在历史研究中得出了截然相反的结果。本文总结了主要的论证思路并得出初步结论。据说1933年后，克莱斯特越来越觉得自己应对非雅利安同事负责，并且只要力所能及，他就会治疗他的犹太病人。出版物和第三方证词证实，他至少偶尔会规避《防止遗传性疾病后代法》（GzVeN）。此外，据说他通过审慎拟定诊断结果，将患者从“安乐死”行动中解救出来。同时，他在美因河畔法兰克福的上诉遗传健康法庭担任专家，1940年他加入了纳粹德国工人党（NSDAP），1942年加入了纳粹医学协会。冯·魏茨泽克以类似矛盾的方式利用他的行动范围。当然，他远离纳粹核心组织，那些热衷于该体制的同事认为他“政治上不可靠”。但作为神经学教授，从1941年起，他正式领导了布雷斯劳（弗罗茨瓦夫）的神经病理学研究所，在那里他的一位同事在所谓的“同步研究”中检查了在“儿童安乐死”过程中被杀害的未成年人的大脑。在一定程度上，冯·魏茨泽克也是《防止遗传性疾病后代法》的支持者。在1933年至1935年期间的讲座和出版物中，他选用了相关的纳粹术语，并且他是第一个提及“灭绝理论”的人。无论哪种情况，即使是细致入微的研究也无法回答在对纳粹主义的批评与肯定这一光谱中，究竟该如何准确地为这两人的生平定位这一问题。
