Martin Michael, Fangerau Heiner, Karenberg Axel
Institut für Geschichte, Theorie und Ethik der Medizin, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Medizinische Fakultät, Moorenstraße 5, Düsseldorf, Deutschland.
Institut für Geschichte und Ethik der Medizin, Medizinische Fakultät und Uniklinik Köln, Universität zu Köln, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 20, 50931, Köln, Deutschland.
Nervenarzt. 2020 Feb;91(Suppl 1):29-34. doi: 10.1007/s00115-019-00841-8.
In 1924 Oswald Bumke was appointed as Emil Kraepelins successor to the Chair of Psychiatry at the University of Munich. After 1933 he was a promoting member of the SS and the National Socialist Teachers Federation but he was never a member of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). In 1933 he assumed the presidency of the Society of German Neurologists but only 2 years later he withdrew from the executive board because of scientific and personal differences with Ernst Rüdin, the new "strong man" of the merged Society of German Neurologists and Psychiatrists. After the end of WWII, Bumke affirmed that despite his exposed position as professor of psychiatry during the NS era, he had lacked any influence and that he had sabotaged the "Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring" (GzVeN). He declared that for scientific reasons he had been extremely critical of the GzVeN and even had expressed his views in various publications. Nevertheless, he supported forced sterilization in his treatise "The State and Mental Diseases" published in 1939. His statement that the clinic in Munich had manipulated diagnoses in order to protect patients from eugenic measures and "euthanasia" refers to a potential interference, but as documents are lacking this cannot be substantiated. After 1940 Bumke functioned as a consulting military psychiatrist in expert reports. Political assessments from this period presented him as politically reliable. His biography exemplarily shows that a meticulous juxtaposition of post-war documents with correspondent records stemming from the Nazi period is imperative in order to arrive at a source-critical well-founded and differentiated evaluation.
1924年，奥斯瓦尔德·邦克被任命为埃米尔·克雷佩林的继任者，担任慕尼黑大学精神病学教授一职。1933年后，他成为党卫军和国家社会主义教师联合会的促进成员，但他从未加入过国家社会主义德国工人党（纳粹党）。1933年，他担任德国神经学家协会主席，但仅两年后，由于与德国神经学家和精神病学家合并协会的新“强人”恩斯特·吕丁在科学和个人方面存在分歧，他退出了执行委员会。第二次世界大战结束后，邦克坚称，尽管他在纳粹时代担任精神病学教授这一显要职位，但他没有任何影响力，并且他曾破坏《防止遗传性疾病后代法》（GzVeN）。他宣称，出于科学原因，他一直对GzVeN持极度批评态度，甚至在各种出版物中表达了自己的观点。然而，他在1939年发表的论文《国家与精神疾病》中支持强制绝育。他关于慕尼黑诊所为保护患者免受优生措施和“安乐死”影响而操纵诊断的说法，暗示了一种潜在的干预行为，但由于缺乏文件证明，这一点无法得到证实。1940年后，邦克在专家报告中担任军事顾问精神病医生。这一时期的政治评估认为他在政治上是可靠的。他的传记典型地表明，为了得出基于原始资料的、有充分依据且有区别的评价，必须将战后文件与纳粹时期的相应记录进行细致的比对。
