Target and non-target impact of systemic insecticides on a polyphagous aphid pest and its parasitoid.

Systemic insecticides are used to control agricultural pests globally and their non-target impact at non-lethal doses on beneficial arthropods has been recognized. We assessed the baseline toxicity of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and sulfoxaflor-based insecticides on the polyphagous aphid pest, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and their non-target effects on its main parasitoid, Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), evaluated by residual contact exposure to the median lethal (LC), the low lethal (LC) and the sublethal (LC) concentrations of the three tested insecticides, earlier estimated for the target pest. The results showed that the LCs for the aphid were 6.4 × 10, 5 × 10, 2.9 × 10 times lower compared to the label concentrations of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and sulfoxaflor, respectively. LC of thiamethoxam caused the highest mortality rate on the parasitoid followed by sulfoxaflor, while imidacloprid had the lowest impact. No significant sublethal effects on reprodution were observed for A. colemani survived to the insecticide exposure. Our findings highlight the importance of case-specific evaluation to optimize pesticide applications in Integrated Pest Management packages taking into account the ecological services provided by biological control agents.