Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/nº, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, P.O. Box 25000, Orlando, FL, 32816-2366, USA.
Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/nº, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.
Environ Res. 2020 Mar;182:109089. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109089. Epub 2019 Dec 30.
Increasing scientific attention on the presence of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) in the environments and their potential toxic effects on humans and the ecosystems is evident. Accordingly, the number of publications on this topic has increased substantially from only 5 in 2010 to more than 850 in 2019. Thus, this critical review aimed at providing state-of-the-art information on the existing methods for characterization and detection of MNPs in various matrices, as well as the reported toxic effects of MNPs in both in vivo and in vitro systems, anticipating challenges and providing future needs to improve the current scientific knowledge. We performed a systematic search of recent literature on available methodologies for the characterization/detection of MNPs in different samples, and the summary of such protocols is provided. Also, the existing procedures for in vitro and in vivo toxicity evaluation of MNPs were critically described. The results of our search revealed that quite a great deal of effort had been made to detect, characterize, and quantify the fate and effect of MNPs. However, we are still far from a complete understanding of behaviors of MNPs in the environments and biological systems. Thus, there is a need to advance the existing protocols to improve data accuracy. Besides, more studies that focus on uptake kinetics, accumulation, and biodistribution of MNPs in biological systems are required.
越来越多的科学研究关注到微塑料和纳米塑料（MNPs）在环境中的存在及其对人类和生态系统的潜在毒性影响。因此，关于这个主题的出版物数量从 2010 年仅 5 篇大幅增加到 2019 年的 850 多篇。因此，本综述旨在提供关于各种基质中 MNPs 的特性和检测的现有方法的最新信息，以及 MNPs 在体内和体外系统中的报告毒性效应，预测挑战并为改善当前科学知识提供未来需求。我们对现有的用于不同样品中 MNPs 的特性/检测的方法进行了系统的文献检索，并提供了此类方案的摘要。此外，还对 MNPs 的体外和体内毒性评估的现有程序进行了批判性描述。我们检索结果表明，已经做出了相当大的努力来检测、表征和量化 MNPs 的命运和影响。然而，我们仍然远未完全了解 MNPs 在环境和生物系统中的行为。因此，需要改进现有的协议以提高数据准确性。此外，还需要更多关注 MNPs 在生物系统中的摄取动力学、积累和分布的研究。
