Using gold nanoparticles to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms: toward liquid biopsy.

The possibility of detecting genetic mutations rapidly in physiological media through liquid biopsy has attracted the attention within the materials science community. The physical properties of nanoparticles combined with robust transduction methods ensure an improved sensitivity and specificity of a given assay and its implementation into point-of-care devices for common use. Covering the last twenty years, this review gives an overview of the state-of-the-art of the research on the use of gold nanoparticles in the development of colorimetric biosensors for the detection of single-nucleotide polymorphism as cancer biomarker. We discuss the main mechanisms of the assays that either are assisted by DNA-based molecular machines or by enzymatic reactions, summarize their performance and provide an outlook towards future developments.