Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 München, Germany.
Accid Anal Prev. 2020 Apr;138:105466. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105466. Epub 2020 Feb 19.
Accident risk is increased for emergency responders driving with warning lights and sirens compared to other road users' driving. Currently no standards for education of ambulance drivers exist. Research shows that high order understanding trainings focusing on insight to avoid critical driving situations might be more helpful than trainings focusing on car handling. The present controlled intervention study evaluates a one-day simulator-based high order training program specifically designed for ambulance drivers.
In a longitudinal design with three measurement times multiple methods were used to evaluate the training holistically targeting the levels of reaction to training, learning, behavior and results of training. Questionnaire, knowledge test and driving profile data were analyzed with repeated measures analysis of variance controlling for age and sex. Data of two intervention groups and one control-waiting group was collected between 2014 and 2017 in two German federal states.
183 German paramedics (age: M = 33.1, SD = 9.4, 21.9 % female) participated in the study. 147 participants (80.3 %) completed post-training tests, and 30 participants (16.4 %) completed follow-up measurements six months after training. Participants' reaction to training was positive directly after the training, and dropped slightly over time. Intervention group participants gained traffic-relevant knowledge compared to control group participants. Risk sensitivity of regular driving situations was the only attitude variable positively affected by training. This effect was not sustained six months after training. Training led to a decrease of average and maximum speed in short- as well as long-term measurements but did not affect drivers' acceleration. Although speed was lower in post-tests, emergency response times did not differ.
The simulator-based training for paramedics has small but notable effects on drivers' knowledge, attitudes and real driving behavior. Although only very few measured variables showed positive training effects, no negative training effects were found. Speed was reduced in the long term which underlines the importance of such a training. More research is needed to determine effects on different types of participants and to elicit framework conditions for training integration in formal education.
与其他道路使用者相比，带有警示灯和警笛的急救人员开车时发生事故的风险更高。目前，救护车驾驶员的教育没有标准。研究表明，针对避免关键驾驶情况的深入理解培训可能比专注于车辆操控的培训更有帮助。本研究采用对照干预设计，评估了一项专门针对救护车驾驶员的为期一天的基于模拟器的高级培训计划。
通过纵向设计，使用三种测量方法在反应、学习、行为和培训结果四个层面上对培训进行全面评估。使用重复测量方差分析对问卷调查、知识测试和驾驶记录数据进行分析，控制年龄和性别因素。2014 年至 2017 年期间，在德国的两个联邦州收集了两个干预组和一个等待对照组的数据。
共有 183 名德国护理人员（年龄：M=33.1，SD=9.4，21.9%为女性）参与了这项研究。147 名参与者（80.3%）完成了培训后的测试，30 名参与者（16.4%）完成了培训后六个月的随访测量。参与者对培训的反应是积极的，直接培训后稍有下降。与对照组参与者相比，干预组参与者获得了更多与交通相关的知识。对常规驾驶情况的风险敏感性是唯一受到积极影响的态度变量。这种影响在培训后六个月没有持续。培训导致短期和长期测量中平均速度和最大速度下降，但对驾驶员的加速没有影响。虽然测试后的速度较低，但紧急响应时间没有差异。
基于模拟器的急救人员培训对驾驶员的知识、态度和实际驾驶行为有较小但显著的影响。虽然只有很少的测量变量显示出积极的培训效果，但没有发现负面的培训效果。长期来看，速度有所降低，这强调了这种培训的重要性。需要进一步研究以确定对不同类型参与者的影响，并确定培训纳入正规教育的框架条件。
