Linz D G, Donnerstein E, Penrod S
Communication Studies Program, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988 Nov;55(5):758-68. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.55.5.758.
In this study we investigated the effects of emotional desensitization to films of violence against women and the effects of sexually degrading explicit and nonexplicit films on beliefs about rape and the sexual objectification of women. Male subjects viewed either two or five R-rated violent "slasher," X-rated nonviolent "pornographic," or R-rated nonviolent teenage-oriented ("teen sex") films. Affective reactions and cognitive perceptions were measured after each exposure. Later, these men and no-exposure control subjects completed a voir dire questionnaire, viewed a reenacted acquaintance or nonacquaintance sexual assault trial, and judged the defendant and alleged rape victim. Subjects in the violent condition became less anxious and depressed and showed declines in negative affective responses. They were also less sympathetic to the victim and less empathetic toward rape victims in general. However, longer film exposure was necessary to affect general empathy. There were no differences in response between the R-rated teen sex film and the X-rated, sexually explicit, nonviolent film, and the no-exposure control conditions on the objectification or the rape trial variables. A model of desensitization to media violence and the carryover to decision making about victims is proposed.
在本研究中，我们调查了对暴力侵害妇女影片的情绪脱敏效应，以及露骨和非露骨的性贬低影片对关于强奸的信念和女性性客体化的影响。男性受试者观看了两部或五部R级暴力“砍杀”片、X级非暴力“色情”片或R级非暴力青少年导向（“青少年性爱”）影片。每次观看后测量情感反应和认知感知。之后，这些男性和未观看影片的对照受试者完成一份询问陪审团成员资格的问卷，观看一场重新演绎的熟人或非熟人性侵犯审判，并对被告和被指控的强奸受害者进行评判。处于暴力影片条件下的受试者焦虑和抑郁程度降低，负面情感反应减少。他们对受害者的同情也减少，总体上对强奸受害者的同理心也降低。然而，需要更长时间观看影片才能影响总体同理心。在性客体化或强奸审判变量方面，R级青少年性爱影片、X级露骨非暴力影片和未观看影片的对照条件之间的反应没有差异。我们提出了一个对媒体暴力脱敏并延续到对受害者决策的模型。
