在线赌博者总体样本中的过度负债与问题赌博
Over-Indebtedness and Problem Gambling in a General Population Sample of Online Gamblers.
作者信息
Håkansson Anders, Widinghoff Carolina
机构信息
Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
Gambling disorder unit, Malmö Addiction Center, Malmö, Sweden.
出版信息
Front Psychiatry. 2020 Feb 4;11:7. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00007. eCollection 2020.
BACKGROUND
Online gambling has increased in recent years, including online casino games and live sports betting which constitute rapid gambling activities with significant potential for gambling-related harm. There is a paucity of research examining whether specific gambling patterns are related to problem gambling and over-indebtedness, when controlling for psychological distress, gender, and other risk factors.
METHODS
A general population-based web panel of 1,004 online gamblers were examined in an online survey addressing problem gambling symptoms (the PGSI), psychological distress (Kessler- 6), past 30-day gambling activities, past 30-day gambling losses, history of subjective over-indebtedness and expected over-indebtedness in the near future, as well as socio-demographic data.
RESULTS
In logistic regression analyses, problem gambling was associated with psychological distress, recent online casino gambling, and recent combined online casino gambling and live sports betting. History of over-indebtedness was associated with recent combined online casino gambling and live sports betting, and expected over-indebtedness was associated with online casino gambling. Problem gambling, and a history of having borrowed money for gambling, were markedly higher in online casino gamblers, compared to subjects not reporting this gambling activity. Problem gambling was markedly more common in women, but was not associated with gender in the adjusted analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
In online gamblers, high rates of problem gambling and over-indebtedness were seen, and online casino gambling (alone or in combination with live sports betting), was associated with remarkably increased risk. Gender distribution of problem gamblers was clearly in contrast to that found in previous problem gambling literature. These findingsa suggest regulations in the market of online casino gambling, and prevention of over-indebtedness in gambling-related borrowing, in consumer credit counselling and in mental health care. In particular, female gender may need to be addressed as a stronger risk factor than previously described.
背景
近年来，在线赌博有所增加，包括在线赌场游戏和体育赛事直播投注，这些构成了快速赌博活动，具有与赌博相关危害的重大潜在风险。在控制心理困扰、性别和其他风险因素时，研究特定赌博模式是否与问题赌博及过度负债相关的研究较少。
方法
在一项在线调查中，对一个由1004名在线赌徒组成的基于普通人群的网络样本进行了研究，该调查涉及问题赌博症状（问题赌博严重程度指数）、心理困扰（凯斯勒6项心理困扰量表）、过去30天的赌博活动、过去30天的赌博损失、主观过度负债史以及近期预期过度负债情况，以及社会人口统计学数据。
结果
在逻辑回归分析中，问题赌博与心理困扰、近期在线赌场赌博以及近期在线赌场赌博与体育赛事直播投注相结合的情况相关。过度负债史与近期在线赌场赌博与体育赛事直播投注相结合的情况相关，预期过度负债与在线赌场赌博相关。与未报告此类赌博活动的受试者相比，在线赌场赌徒中的问题赌博以及因赌博借钱的历史明显更高。问题赌博在女性中明显更为常见，但在调整分析中与性别无关。
结论
在在线赌徒中，发现问题赌博和过度负债的发生率很高，在线赌场赌博（单独或与体育赛事直播投注相结合）与风险显著增加相关。问题赌徒的性别分布与先前问题赌博文献中的情况明显不同。这些发现表明，需要对在线赌场赌博市场进行监管，并在消费者信贷咨询和精神卫生保健中预防与赌博相关借款中的过度负债。特别是，女性可能需要被视为比先前描述更强的风险因素。
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