Sherstneva E V
N. A. Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health, 105064, Moscow, Russia,
Probl Sotsialnoi Gig Zdravookhranenniiai Istor Med. 2020 Jan;28(1):152-157. doi: 10.32687/0869-866X-2020-28-1-152-157.
The article analyzes the problems of initial stage of mass production of penicillin in the USSR on the basis of documents of the State archive of the Russian Federation. The analysis covered declassified documents of the funds of the Narkomzdrav of the USSR, the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the A. M. Gorky All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine (VIEM). The secret correspondence of the People's Commissar of Health Care with the Government, with the Head of the Department of Biochemistry of Microbes and experimental production laboratory of VIEM Z. V. Ermolieva, with Directors of plants for organization of production of penicillin is analyzed. The transcripts of meetings and orders of the People's Commissar of Health Care are considered. It is demonstrated that development of production facilities and provision of health care with antibiotics was an extremely difficult task. Its solution was complicated by many factors such as the inaccessibility of advanced methods of deep fermentation, general technological backwardness, organizational problems associated with specificity of management and public decision-making. It is established that during 1944 the main producer of penicillin was the laboratory of VIEM and serial production of penicillin at the Karpov enterprise and plant of endocrine drugs in Moscow began only in late 1944, and amount production was were extremily not enough. In this situation, in early 1945, G. A. Miterev, the People's Commissar of Health Care, raised the question of buying plants for the production of penicillin in the United States. However, the final decision was not taken by the government. The attempt to devote part of the resources of the Central Military Sanitary Department of the Red Army for ensuring public health with antibiotic failed. In 1945, enterprises of the People's Commissariat of Meat and Dairy Industry were involved in the production of penicillin. At all enterprises of the USSR in the end of 1945, production of antibiotic was carried out by surface fermentation and liquid penicillin was produced, except for the A. Mikoyan Moscow meat-packing plant, where the production of drug in dry form was established. The outdated technologies and limited scale of production determined lower productivity of enterprises, which did not allow to cover the needs of health care even approximately.
本文基于俄罗斯联邦国家档案馆的文件，分析了苏联青霉素大规模生产初期的问题。分析涵盖了苏联卫生部、苏联部长会议、A.M.高尔基全苏实验医学研究所（VIEM）档案中的解密文件。分析了卫生保健人民委员与政府、与VIEM微生物生物化学系主任兼实验生产实验室的Z.V.叶尔莫利耶娃、与青霉素生产组织工厂厂长之间的秘密通信。还研究了卫生保健人民委员的会议记录和命令。事实证明，生产设施的发展以及为医疗保健提供抗生素是一项极其艰巨的任务。许多因素使问题复杂化，如深层发酵先进方法难以获取、总体技术落后、与管理特点和公共决策相关的组织问题等。经确定，1944年期间，青霉素的主要生产厂家是VIEM实验室，卡普洛夫企业和莫斯科内分泌药物工厂的青霉素批量生产直到1944年末才开始，而且产量极其不足。在这种情况下，1945年初，卫生保健人民委员G.A.米捷列夫提出从美国购买青霉素生产工厂的问题。然而，政府并未做出最终决定。将红军中央军事卫生部门的部分资源用于确保公众获得抗生素的尝试也失败了。1945年，肉类和乳制品工业人民委员部的企业参与了青霉素生产。到1945年底，苏联所有企业都采用表面发酵法生产抗生素，生产出了液体青霉素，但莫斯科的A.米高扬肉类加工厂除外，该厂建立了干剂型药物的生产。过时的技术和有限的生产规模决定了企业的低生产率，甚至无法大致满足医疗保健的需求。
