School of Psychology, Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Arch Sex Behav. 2020 May;49(4):1215-1229. doi: 10.1007/s10508-019-01550-8. Epub 2020 Mar 5.
As we are often inundated with images of violence and pornography in modern times with the aid of mobile devices and unrestricted online access and content, the non-conscious effect of such exposure is an area of concern. To date, many clinicians and researchers in behavioral sciences rely on conscious responses from their clients to determine affective content. In doing so, they overlook the effect the non-conscious has on an individual's emotions. The present study aimed to examine variations in conscious and non-conscious responses to emotion-inducing images following varying amounts of exposure to violent and pornographic images. Eighteen participants who self-reported as being low pornography users were presented with emotion-inducing images after no exposure (Session 1), after one round of exposure to 50 pornographic and 50 violent images (Session 2) and after a further nine rounds of exposure to 50 pornographic and 50 violent images (Session 3). Sessions were temporally separated by at least 2 days while startle reflex modulation (SRM) and scalp-recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to determine non-conscious emotion-related responses to pre-evaluated emotion pictures. Explicit valence and arousal ratings were assessed for each of those emotion pictures to determine conscious emotion effects potentially changing as a function of increasing controlled exposure to pornographic and violent visual material. Conscious explicit ratings and SRM amplitudes revealed no significant difference between the sessions. However, frontal ERP analysis revealed significant changes between processing of "violent" and "unpleasant" images at later ERP time windows, further supporting the growing body of research which shows that relying on self-report data does not result in a full understanding of emotional responses.
由于现代社会借助移动设备和不受限制的网络访问和内容，我们经常会接触到暴力和色情图像，因此这种暴露的非意识影响是一个值得关注的问题。迄今为止，许多行为科学领域的临床医生和研究人员依赖于从客户那里获得有意识的反应来确定情感内容。这样做的同时，他们忽略了非意识对个人情绪的影响。本研究旨在检查在接触不同数量的暴力和色情图像后，对情绪诱发图像的有意识和无意识反应的变化。18 名自我报告为低色情使用者的参与者在没有接触（第 1 阶段）、接触 50 个色情和 50 个暴力图像一轮（第 2 阶段）以及进一步接触 50 个色情和 50 个暴力图像九轮（第 3 阶段）后接受了情绪诱发图像。这些阶段之间至少间隔 2 天，同时使用惊吓反射调制（SRM）和头皮记录的事件相关电位（ERP）来确定对预先评估的情绪图片的无意识情绪相关反应。对每个情绪图片进行了显式效价和唤醒评分，以确定随着对色情和暴力视觉材料的控制接触增加，有意识的情绪效应可能会发生变化。有意识的显式评分和 SRM 幅度在各阶段之间没有显示出显著差异。然而，额部 ERP 分析显示，在较晚的 ERP 时间窗口中，对“暴力”和“不愉快”图像的处理存在显著差异，这进一步支持了越来越多的研究，这些研究表明，仅依赖自我报告数据并不能全面了解情绪反应。
