Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Sturt Rd, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia.
Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020 Mar 10;17(1):33. doi: 10.1186/s12966-020-00928-5.
In developmental science, there is an extensive literature on non-food related self-regulation in childhood, where several domains relating to emotions, actions and cognitions have been identified. There is now growing attention to food related self-regulation in childhood, especially difficulties with ASR, and the consequences for weight gain and adiposity. The aim of this narrative review was to conduct a reciprocal analysis of self-regulation in the food and non-food domains in childhood (referred to as appetite self-regulation (ASR) and general self-regulation (GSR) respectively). The focus was on commonalities and differences in key concepts and underpinning processes.
Databases and major journals were searched using terms such as self-regulation, appetite self-regulation, or self-regulation of energy intake, together with associated constructs (e.g., Executive Function, Effortful Control, delay-of-gratification). This was followed by backward and forward snowballing.
The scholarship on GSR in childhood has had a focus on the role of the cognitively-oriented Executive Function (EF), the temperamentally-based Effortful Control (EC) and the recursive interplay between bottom-up (reactive, emotion driven, approach or avoidance) and top-down (cognitive, conscious decision-making) processes. "Hot" and "cool/cold" EF and self-regulation situations have been distinguished. There were some parallels between GSR and ASR in these areas, but uncertainty about the contribution of EF and EC to ASR in young children. Possible differences between the contribution to ASR-related outcomes of delay-of-gratification in food and non-food tasks were apparent. Unique elements of ASR were identified; associated with psychological, biological and neurological responses to food and bottom-up processes. A diverse number of situations or elements connected to ASR exist: for example, energy balance homeostasis, caloric compensation, hunger regulation, satiation, satiety, energy density of food, eating in the absence of hunger, emotional eating, etc. CONCLUSIONS: Self-regulation in food and non-food domains are amenable to a reciprocal analysis. We argue that self-regulation of appetite should be added as a domain under the umbrella of self-regulation in childhood along with the other non-food related domains. This could lead to a broader understanding of self-regulation in childhood, and generate novel lines of enquiry.
在发展科学领域，有大量关于儿童非食物相关自我调节的文献，其中确定了与情绪、行为和认知相关的几个领域。现在越来越关注儿童的与食物相关的自我调节，特别是与 ASR 相关的困难，以及对体重增加和肥胖的影响。本叙述性评论的目的是对儿童食品和非食品领域的自我调节（分别称为食欲自我调节（ASR）和一般自我调节（GSR））进行相互分析。重点是关键概念和基础过程的异同。
使用“自我调节、食欲自我调节或能量摄入自我调节”等术语以及相关结构（例如，执行功能、努力控制、延迟满足），在数据库和主要期刊中进行搜索。随后进行回溯和前向滚雪球搜索。
儿童 GSR 方面的学术研究一直侧重于认知导向的执行功能（EF）、气质基础上的努力控制（EC）以及自下而上（反应性、情绪驱动、接近或回避）和自上而下（认知、有意识决策）过程之间的递归相互作用。“热”和“冷/冷”EF 和自我调节情况有所区分。在这些方面，GSR 和 ASR 之间存在一些相似之处，但对于 EF 和 EC 对幼儿 ASR 的贡献存在不确定性。在食物和非食物任务中的延迟满足对 ASR 相关结果的贡献方面可能存在差异。还确定了 ASR 的独特元素；与食物和自下而上过程的心理、生物学和神经反应相关联。与 ASR 相关的存在大量不同的情况或元素：例如，能量平衡稳态、卡路里补偿、饥饿调节、饱腹感、饱腹感、食物的能量密度、在不饥饿的情况下进食、情绪性进食等。
食品和非食品领域的自我调节可以进行相互分析。我们认为，应该将食欲自我调节添加为儿童自我调节领域的一个领域，同时还包括其他与非食品相关的领域。这可以更全面地了解儿童的自我调节，并产生新的研究方向。
