Kelly Nichole R, Jaramillo Manuela, Ramirez Sophie, Altman Deborah R, Rubin Sarah G, Yang Shanna B, Courville Amber B, Shank Lisa M, Byrne Meghan E, Lemay-Russell Sarah, Brady Sheila M, Broadney Miranda M, Tanofsky-Kraff Marian, Yanovski Jack A
Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon.
Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland.
Pediatr Obes. 2020 Jun;15(6):e12614. doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12614. Epub 2020 Feb 9.
Executive functioning (EF) difficulties may be associated with problems regulating eating behaviours. Few studies have evaluated this question in youth using diverse measures of EF or objective measures of energy intake.
The current study used neuropsychological tasks and a laboratory test meal to evaluate the links between EF and youth's disinhibited eating patterns. Two-hundred-five nontreatment seeking youth (M age = 13.1 ± 2.8 years; M BMIz = 0.6 ± 1.0; 33.2% overweight; 54.1% female) completed tasks measuring decision making, general and food-specific behavioural disinhibition, willingness to delay gratification for food and money, cognitive flexibility, and working memory. Age (children vs adolescents) was examined as a moderator. All analyses adjusted for demographic factors, pubertal status, lean mass (kg), fat mass (%), height, general intellectual functioning, and depressive symptoms.
After adjusting for multiple comparisons, more general behavioural disinhibition was associated with greater total energy intake (P = .02), and poorer cognitive flexibility was associated with more fat intake (P = .03) across all ages. Poorer decision making in children (P = .04), but not adolescents (P = .24), was associated with greater fat intake. Food-specific behavioural disinhibition, the ability to delay gratification for both food and monetary rewards, and working memory were not significantly associated with youth's disinhibited eating patterns during a single meal.
Most domains of EF were not associated with youth's disinhibited eating. Significant associations may highlight the need to target specific cognitive processes, particularly behavioural disinhibition, decision making, and cognitive flexibility, in potential intervention strategies for children's disinhibited eating.
执行功能（EF）困难可能与饮食行为调节问题有关。很少有研究使用多种EF测量方法或能量摄入客观测量方法来评估青少年中的这个问题。
本研究使用神经心理学任务和实验室测试餐来评估EF与青少年不受抑制的饮食模式之间的联系。205名未寻求治疗的青少年（平均年龄=13.1±2.8岁；平均BMIz=0.6±1.0；33.2%超重；54.1%为女性）完成了测量决策、一般和特定食物行为抑制、为食物和金钱延迟满足的意愿、认知灵活性和工作记忆的任务。将年龄（儿童与青少年）作为一个调节因素进行检验。所有分析均对人口统计学因素、青春期状态、瘦体重（千克）、脂肪量（%）、身高、一般智力功能和抑郁症状进行了调整。
在调整了多重比较后，在所有年龄段中，更普遍的行为抑制与更高的总能量摄入相关（P=0.02），而较差的认知灵活性与更多的脂肪摄入相关（P=0.03）。儿童较差的决策能力（P=0.04）与更多的脂肪摄入相关，但青少年则不然（P=0.24）。特定食物行为抑制、为食物和金钱奖励延迟满足的能力以及工作记忆与青少年在单餐期间不受抑制的饮食模式没有显著关联。
EF的大多数领域与青少年不受抑制的饮食无关。显著关联可能凸显了在针对儿童不受抑制饮食的潜在干预策略中，需要针对特定认知过程，特别是行为抑制、决策和认知灵活性。
