Department of Public Health Education, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina; Institute to Promote Athlete Health & Wellness, Greensboro, North Carolina.
Department of Public Health Education, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina; Institute to Promote Athlete Health & Wellness, Greensboro, North Carolina.
J Adolesc Health. 2020 Jun;66(6):705-712. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.01.027. Epub 2020 Mar 10.
A significant proportion of sport-related concussions goes unreported among adolescents, which can result in irreversible brain damage. It is critical to identify and intervene on factors that significantly impact concussion reporting.
This study tests factors associated with collegiate athletes' intentions to (1) self-report concussion symptoms; (2) report another athlete's concussion symptoms; and (3) encourage others to report. Drawing on the Integrated Behavioral Model, predictors at the athlete level included perceived norms (bystander descriptive norms, injunctive norms, and subjective norms), attitudes (positive and negative expectancies about reporting and playing through a concussion and concussion reporting attitudes), personal agency (self-efficacy to recognize symptoms and communicate), and perceived coach communication. At the team level, coaches' self-reported communication was also included. Athletes (N = 1,858) and coaches (N = 254) at 16 colleges and universities completed Web-based surveys in 2016. Multilevel modeling accounted for the nesting of athletes within athletic team.
Bystander descriptive norms, positive reporting expectancies, concussion reporting attitudes, self-efficacy to communicate about a concussion, and athletes' perceptions of their coach's communication were positively associated with all three outcomes. By contrast, subjective norms were only positively associated with intentions to self-report and bystander reporting intentions, negative reporting expectancies were only associated with intentions to self-report, and positive and negative expectancies for playing through a concussion were only associated with intentions to self-report and bystander encouragement.
In sum, multiple factors within the Integrated Behavioral Model predict reporting intentions and underscore the complexity of athletes' concussion reporting behaviors and offer guidance for the development of prevention strategies.
相当一部分与运动相关的脑震荡在青少年中未被报告，这可能导致不可逆转的脑损伤。识别和干预对脑震荡报告有重大影响的因素至关重要。
本研究测试了与大学生运动员（1）自我报告脑震荡症状；（2）报告另一名运动员的脑震荡症状；以及（3）鼓励他人报告的意图相关的因素。本研究借鉴综合行为模型，在运动员层面上的预测因素包括感知规范（旁观者描述性规范、指令性规范和主观规范）、态度（对报告和通过脑震荡继续比赛的积极和消极期望以及脑震荡报告态度）、个人能动性（识别症状和沟通的自我效能感）以及感知教练沟通。在团队层面上，还包括教练自我报告的沟通。2016 年，16 所学院和大学的 1858 名运动员和 254 名教练完成了基于网络的调查。多层次模型考虑了运动员在运动队中的嵌套。
旁观者描述性规范、积极的报告期望、脑震荡报告态度、沟通脑震荡的自我效能感以及运动员对教练沟通的看法与所有三个结果呈正相关。相比之下，主观规范仅与自我报告和旁观者报告意图呈正相关，消极的报告期望仅与自我报告意图相关，而对通过脑震荡继续比赛的积极和消极期望仅与自我报告意图和旁观者鼓励意图相关。
总之，综合行为模型中的多个因素预测了报告意图，突出了运动员脑震荡报告行为的复杂性，并为预防策略的制定提供了指导。
