Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA.
Methods Mol Biol. 2020;2123:249-271. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0346-8_18.
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) of the Orthomyxoviridae virus family cause one of the most important respiratory diseases in pigs and humans. Repeated outbreaks and rapid spread of genetically and antigenically distinct IAVs represent a considerable challenge for animal production and public health. Bidirection transmission of IAV between pigs and people has altered the evolutionary dynamics of IAV, and a "One Health" approach is required to ameliorate morbidity and mortality in both hosts and improve control strategies. Although only subtypes of H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 are endemic in swine around the world, considerable diversity can be found not only in the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes but in the remaining six genes as well. Human and swine IAVs have demonstrated a particular propensity for interspecies transmission, leading to regular and sometimes sustained incursions from man to pig and vice versa. The diversity of IAVs in swine remains a critical challenge in the diagnosis and control of this important pathogen for swine health and in turn contributes to a significant public health risk.
正黏病毒科的甲型流感病毒（IAVs）可引起猪和人类中最严重的呼吸道疾病之一。具有遗传和抗原差异的 IAV 不断暴发和快速传播，对动物生产和公共卫生构成了重大挑战。IAV 在猪和人群之间的双向传播改变了 IAV 的进化动态，需要采取“同一健康”方法来减轻两个宿主的发病率和死亡率，并改善控制策略。尽管 H1N1、H1N2 和 H3N2 亚型仅在世界各地的猪中流行，但不仅在血凝素（HA）和神经氨酸酶（NA）基因中，而且在其余六个基因中也存在相当大的多样性。人和猪 IAV 具有特别容易发生种间传播的倾向，导致经常且有时持续地从人传播到猪，反之亦然。猪中 IAV 的多样性仍然是诊断和控制这种对猪健康很重要的病原体的关键挑战，反过来又会带来重大的公共卫生风险。
