Department of Biological, Sciences Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803.
Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208.
Mycologia. 2020 Nov-Dec;112(6):1048-1059. doi: 10.1080/00275514.2020.1718442. Epub 2020 Mar 17.
Historically, thallus-forming Laboulbeniomycetes, including the orders Laboulbeniales and Herpomycetales, were set apart because of their distinctive morphology and ecology. Although some biologists correctly interpreted these arthropod ectoparasites as fungi, even ascomycetes, others thought they were worms, red algae, or members of taxa described especially for them. Speculation on the evolution of the group involving red algae, the morphology-based Floridean Hypothesis, persisted deep into the 20th century, in part because valid alternatives were not presented. Although the distinctive features of Laboulbeniales clearly set them apart from other fungi, the difficulty was in the absence of characters grouping them among the fungi. Thaxter considered the Laboulbeniales to be ascomycetes, but he avoided phylogenetic discussions involved in the Floridean Hypothesis all of his life. Eventually, developmental studies of the life history of species, hyphal perithecial ascomycetes with 2-celled ascospores, revealed characters connecting Laboulbeniales to other ascomycetes. The distinctive morphological features of Laboulbeniales (absence of mycelium, a thallus developed from 2-celled ascospores by cell divisions in several planes, arthropod parasitism) can be best understood by comparison with . The development of a 3-dimensional thallus composed of true parenchyma occurs not only in Laboulbeniales, but also in species. The life history of arthropod ectoparasitism of Laboulbeniales as well as mycoparasitism and phoretic dispersal by arthropods of species can be explained by Tranzschel's Law, originally applied to rust fungi. Molecular analyses including other arthropod-associated fungi have contributed to a better understanding of an enlarged class, Laboulbeniomycetes, which now includes a clade comprising , and . A two-locus phylogenetic tree highlights evolutionary and life history questions with regard to the placement of Herpomycetales as the first diverging lineage of the Laboulbeniomycetes. The sister group for all the Laboulbeniomycetes remains to be discovered.
历史上，形成子实体的节壶菌，包括节壶菌目和壶菌目，因其独特的形态和生态而被区分开来。尽管一些生物学家正确地将这些节肢动物外寄生虫解释为真菌，甚至是子囊菌，但也有一些人认为它们是蠕虫、红藻或专门为它们描述的分类群的成员。关于该群体进化的推测，包括红藻在内的形态基于的 Floridean Hypothesis，一直持续到 20 世纪后期，部分原因是没有提出有效的替代方案。尽管节壶菌目的独特特征清楚地将它们与其他真菌区分开来，但困难在于缺乏将它们归为真菌的特征。Thaxter 将节壶菌目视为子囊菌，但他一生都避免了涉及 Floridean Hypothesis 的系统发育讨论。最终，对一些物种的生活史发育研究，发现了丝状子囊壳真菌，具有 2 个细胞的子囊孢子，揭示了将节壶菌目与其他子囊菌联系起来的特征。节壶菌目的独特形态特征（无菌丝，子实体由 2 个细胞的子囊孢子通过几个平面的细胞分裂发育而成，节肢动物寄生）通过与比较可以得到最好的理解。不仅在节壶菌目中，而且在一些物种中，也会发生由真正的薄壁组织组成的 3 维子实体的发育。节壶菌目的节肢动物外寄生的生活史以及节肢动物对的真菌的菌寄生和传播，可以用 Tranzschel 定律来解释，该定律最初适用于锈菌。包括其他与节肢动物相关的真菌的分子分析有助于更好地理解扩大的类群，即节壶菌，它现在包括一个包含、和的分支。一个两基因座系统发育树突出了关于 Herpomycetales 作为节壶菌的第一个分支线的进化和生活史问题。所有节壶菌的姐妹群仍有待发现。
