AbuSalah Mai Abdel Haleem, Gan Siew Hua, Al-Hatamleh Mohammad A I, Irekeola Ahmad Adebayo, Shueb Rafidah Hanim, Yean Yean Chan
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia.
School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor 47500, Malaysia.
Pathogens. 2020 Mar 18;9(3):226. doi: 10.3390/pathogens9030226.
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the causative agent of many diseases including infectious mononucleosis (IM), and it is associated with different subtypes of lymphoma, sarcoma and carcinoma such as Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and gastric carcinoma. With the advent of improved laboratory tests for EBV, a timelier and accurate diagnosis could be made to aid better prognosis and effective treatment. For histopathological lesions, the in situ hybridization (ISH) of EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) in biopsy tissues remains the gold standard for detecting EBV. Methods such as the heterophile antibody test, immunofluorescence assays, enzyme immunoassays, Western blot, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are also employed in the detection of EBV in different types of samples. The determination of EBV viral load using PCR, however, is gaining more prominence in the diagnosis of EBV-associated diseases. Given the challenge of false positive/negative results that are sometimes experienced during the detection of EBV, variability in results from different laboratories, and the impact of factors such as sample type and the immunological status of patients from whom samples are collected, the need to critically examine these present methods is invaluable. This review thus presents current advances in the detection of EBV, detailing the advantages and disadvantages of the various techniques. In addition, fundamental virological concepts are highlighted to enhance the greater understanding, the proper application, and the interpretation of EBV tests.
爱泼斯坦-巴尔病毒（EBV）是包括传染性单核细胞增多症（IM）在内的多种疾病的病原体，它与淋巴瘤、肉瘤和癌的不同亚型有关，如霍奇金淋巴瘤、非霍奇金淋巴瘤、鼻咽癌和胃癌。随着针对EBV的实验室检测方法的改进，能够做出更及时、准确的诊断，以利于更好的预后和有效治疗。对于组织病理学病变，活检组织中EBV编码RNA（EBER）的原位杂交（ISH）仍然是检测EBV的金标准。嗜异性抗体检测、免疫荧光测定、酶免疫测定、蛋白质印迹和聚合酶链反应（PCR）等方法也用于检测不同类型样本中的EBV。然而，使用PCR测定EBV病毒载量在EBV相关疾病的诊断中越来越重要。鉴于在EBV检测过程中有时会出现假阳性/阴性结果的挑战、不同实验室结果的差异以及样本类型和采集样本患者的免疫状态等因素的影响，严格审查这些现有方法的必要性是非常宝贵的。因此，本综述介绍了EBV检测的当前进展，详细阐述了各种技术的优缺点。此外，还强调了基本的病毒学概念，以增进对EBV检测的更深入理解、正确应用和解读。
