Patel Alok, Karageorgou Dimitra, Rova Emma, Katapodis Petros, Rova Ulrika, Christakopoulos Paul, Matsakas Leonidas
Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden.
Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
Microorganisms. 2020 Mar 19;8(3):434. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8030434.
Microorganisms are known to be natural oil producers in their cellular compartments. Microorganisms that accumulate more than 20% of lipids on a cell dry weight basis are considered as oleaginous microorganisms. These are capable of synthesizing vast majority of fatty acids from short hydrocarbonated chain (C6) to long hydrocarbonated chain (C36), which may be saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), depending on the presence and number of double bonds in hydrocarbonated chains. Depending on the fatty acid profile, the oils obtained from oleaginous microorganisms are utilized as feedstock for either biodiesel production or as nutraceuticals. Mainly microalgae, bacteria, and yeasts are involved in the production of biodiesel, whereas thraustochytrids, fungi, and some of the microalgae are well known to be producers of very long-chain PUFA (omega-3 fatty acids). In this review article, the type of oleaginous microorganisms and their expertise in the field of biodiesel or omega-3 fatty acids, advances in metabolic engineering tools for enhanced lipid accumulation, upstream and downstream processing of lipids, including purification of biodiesel and concentration of omega-3 fatty acids are reviewed.
众所周知，微生物在其细胞区室中是天然油脂生产者。以细胞干重计积累超过20%脂质的微生物被视为产油微生物。这些微生物能够合成从短烃链（C6）到长烃链（C36）的绝大多数脂肪酸，根据烃链中双键的存在情况和数量，这些脂肪酸可能是饱和脂肪酸（SFA）、单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）或多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）。根据脂肪酸组成，从产油微生物中获得的油脂可作为生物柴油生产的原料或用作营养保健品。主要是微藻、细菌和酵母参与生物柴油的生产，而破囊壶菌、真菌和一些微藻是众所周知的超长链多不饱和脂肪酸（ω-3脂肪酸）生产者。在这篇综述文章中，对产油微生物的类型及其在生物柴油或ω-3脂肪酸领域的专长、用于增强脂质积累的代谢工程工具的进展、脂质的上游和下游加工，包括生物柴油的纯化和ω-3脂肪酸的浓缩进行了综述。
