The complete mitochondrial genome of Chu, 1929 (Plecoptera: Perlidae) and the phylogenetic analyses of Plecoptera.

Of the roughly 400 species of Perlidae in the world, most species are widely distributed in the northern hemisphere, but a few can be found in South Africa and South America. There are only five species in the genus of the family Perlidae in China. To gain a better understanding of the architecture and evolution of mitochondrial genome in , the entire mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of a Chinese Chu, 1929 from family Perlidae (Insecta: Plecoptera) was sequenced. The 15,805-bp long mitochondrial genome of contained 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs) and a putative control region (CR). The gene arrangement of was identical with that of other stoneflies and with the fly . Most PCGs of used the standard ATN start codons and complete TAN termination codons. Twenty-one of the 22 tRNA genes exhibited cloverleaf secondary structures, but the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm of (AGN) was completely reduced. Phylogenetic analyses with both Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood methods (ML) generated similar topology, both supporting the monophyly of all stonefly families and the infraorder Systellognatha. The phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial genomic data from 30 stonefly species recovered a well-supported tree resolving higher-level relationships within Plecoptera. The northern hemisphere suborder Arctoperlaria divided into two groups, Euholognatha and Systellognatha. The southern hemisphere suborder Antarctoperlaria formed two clades: Eustheniidae+Diamphipnoidae and Austroperlidae+ Gripopterygidae; consistent with relationships proposed based on morphology. The final relationships within Plecoptera were recovered as (((Perlidae+(Perlodidae+Chloroperlidae))+(Pteronarcyidae+(Peltoperlidae+Styloperlidae))) +(Taeniopterygidae+(Capniidae+(Nemouridae+Notonemouridae))))+ (Gripopterygoidae+Eusthenioidae).