Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2020 Apr 1;84(2). doi: 10.1128/MMBR.00079-19. Print 2020 May 20.
While flagella have been studied extensively as motility organelles, with a focus on internal structures such as the axoneme, more recent research has illuminated the roles of the flagellar surface in a variety of biological processes. Parasitic protists of the order Kinetoplastida, which include trypanosomes and species, provide a paradigm for probing the role of flagella in host-microbe interactions and illustrate that this interface between the flagellar surface and the host is of paramount importance. An increasing body of knowledge indicates that the flagellar membrane serves a multitude of functions at this interface: attachment of parasites to tissues within insect vectors, close interactions with intracellular organelles of vertebrate cells, transactions between flagella from different parasites, junctions between the flagella and the parasite cell body, emergence of nanotubes and exosomes from the parasite directed to either host or microbial targets, immune evasion, and sensing of the extracellular milieu. Recent whole-organelle or genome-wide studies have begun to identify protein components of the flagellar surface that must mediate these diverse host-parasite interactions. The increasing corpus of knowledge on kinetoplastid flagella will likely prove illuminating for other flagellated or ciliated pathogens as well.
虽然鞭毛作为运动细胞器已经得到了广泛的研究，重点是轴丝等内部结构，但最近的研究揭示了鞭毛表面在各种生物过程中的作用。动基体目寄生虫，包括锥虫和 物种，为研究鞭毛在宿主-微生物相互作用中的作用提供了范例，并表明鞭毛表面与宿主之间的这种界面至关重要。越来越多的知识表明，鞭毛膜在这个界面上具有多种功能：寄生虫附着在昆虫载体组织内、与脊椎动物细胞的细胞内细胞器密切相互作用、不同寄生虫之间的鞭毛之间的交易、鞭毛与寄生虫体之间的连接、从寄生虫向宿主或微生物靶标定向的纳米管和外泌体的出现、免疫逃逸以及对细胞外环境的感知。最近的全细胞器或全基因组研究已经开始鉴定鞭毛表面的蛋白质成分，这些成分必须介导这些不同的宿主-寄生虫相互作用。关于动基体目鞭毛的不断增加的知识体系可能对其他鞭毛或纤毛病原体也具有启示意义。
