Donato Giuseppe, Presta Ivan, Arcidiacono Biagio, Vismara Marco F M, Donato Annalidia, Garo Nastassia C, Malara Natalia
Department of Health Science, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
Cancers (Basel). 2020 Mar 31;12(4):840. doi: 10.3390/cancers12040840.
In the adult, many embryologic processes can be co-opted by during cancer progression. The mechanisms of divisions, migration, and the ability to escape immunity recognition linked to specific embryo antigens are also expressed by malignant cells. In particular, cells derived from neural crests (NC) contribute to the development of multiple cell types including melanocytes, craniofacial cartilage, glia, neurons, peripheral and enteric nervous systems, and the adrenal medulla. This plastic performance is due to an accurate program of gene expression orchestrated with cellular/extracellular signals finalized to regulate long-distance migration, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and survival. During neurulation, prior to initiating their migration, NC cells must undergo an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in which they alter their actin cytoskeleton, lose their cell-cell junctions, apicobasal polarity, and acquire a motile phenotype. Similarly, during the development of the tumors derived from neural crests, comprising a heterogeneous group of neoplasms (Neural crest-derived tumors (NCDTs)), a group of genes responsible for the EMT pathway is activated. Here, retracing the molecular pathways performed by pluripotent cells at the boundary between neural and non-neural ectoderm in relation to the natural history of NCDT, points of contact or interposition are highlighted to better explain the intricate interplay between cancer cells and the innate and adaptive immune response.
在成年人中，许多胚胎发育过程在癌症进展期间可能会被利用。恶性细胞也表现出与特定胚胎抗原相关的分裂、迁移机制以及逃避免疫识别的能力。特别是，源自神经嵴（NC）的细胞有助于多种细胞类型的发育，包括黑素细胞、颅面软骨、神经胶质细胞、神经元、外周和肠神经系统以及肾上腺髓质。这种可塑性表现归因于精确的基因表达程序，该程序与细胞/细胞外信号协调，最终调节长距离迁移、增殖、分化、凋亡和存活。在神经胚形成过程中，在开始迁移之前，NC细胞必须经历上皮-间质转化（EMT），在此过程中它们改变肌动蛋白细胞骨架，失去细胞间连接、顶-基极性，并获得运动表型。同样，在源自神经嵴的肿瘤（包括一组异质性肿瘤（神经嵴衍生肿瘤（NCDTs）））的发展过程中，一组负责EMT途径的基因被激活。在此，追溯多能细胞在神经外胚层和非神经外胚层边界处相对于NCDT自然史所执行的分子途径，突出了接触点或插入点，以更好地解释癌细胞与先天性和适应性免疫反应之间复杂的相互作用。
