Modeling Parkinson's Disease Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. The molecular mechanisms of PD at the cellular level involve oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy, axonal transport, and neuroinflammation. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with patient-specific genetic background are capable of directed differentiation into dopaminergic neurons. Cell models based on iPSCs are powerful tools for studying the molecular mechanisms of PD. The iPSCs used for PD studies were mainly from patients carrying mutations in synuclein alpha (), leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (), PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (), parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (), cytoplasmic protein sorting 35 (), and variants in glucosidase beta acid (). In this review, we summarized the advances in molecular mechanisms of Parkinson's disease using iPSC models.