Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020 Apr 7;49(1):17. doi: 10.1186/s40463-020-00411-y.
Trainees in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery must gain proficiency in a variety of challenging temporal bone surgical techniques. Traditional teaching has relied on the use of cadavers; however, this method is resource-intensive and does not allow for repeated practice. Virtual reality surgical training is a growing field that is increasingly being adopted in Otolaryngology. CardinalSim is a virtual reality temporal bone surgical simulator that offers a high-quality, inexpensive adjunct to traditional teaching methods. The objective of this study was to establish the face and content validity of CardinalSim through a national study.
Otolaryngologists and resident trainees from across Canada were recruited to evaluate CardinalSim. Ethics approval and informed consent was obtained. A face and content validity questionnaire with questions categorized into 13 domains was distributed to participants following simulator use. Descriptive statistics were used to describe questionnaire results, and either Chi-square or Fishers exact tests were used to compare responses between junior residents, senior residents, and practising surgeons.
Sixty-two participants from thirteen different Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery programs were included in the study (32 practicing surgeons; 30 resident trainees). Face validity was achieved for 5 out of 7 domains, while content validity was achieved for 5 out of 6 domains. Significant differences between groups (p-value of < 0.05) were found for one face validity domain (realistic ergonomics, p = 0.002) and two content validity domains (teaching drilling technique, p = 0.011 and overall teaching utility, p = 0.006). The assessment scores, global rating scores, and overall attitudes towards CardinalSim, were universally positive. Open-ended questions identified limitations of the simulator.
CardinalSim met acceptable criteria for face and content validity. This temporal bone virtual reality surgical simulation platform may enhance surgical training and be suitable for patient-specific surgical rehearsal for practicing Otolaryngologists.
耳鼻喉头颈外科的实习生必须熟练掌握各种具有挑战性的颞骨手术技术。传统教学依赖于使用尸体；然而，这种方法资源密集，不允许重复练习。虚拟现实手术培训是一个日益增长的领域，越来越多的被应用于耳鼻喉科。CardinalSim 是一种虚拟现实颞骨手术模拟器，为传统教学方法提供了一种高质量、低成本的辅助手段。本研究的目的是通过一项全国性研究来确定 CardinalSim 的表面效度和内容效度。
从加拿大各地招募耳鼻喉科医生和住院医师培训生来评估 CardinalSim。获得了伦理批准和知情同意。在使用模拟器后，向参与者分发了一份带有 13 个领域问题的表面效度和内容效度问卷。使用描述性统计来描述问卷结果，并使用卡方检验或 Fisher 确切检验比较初级住院医师、高级住院医师和执业外科医生的反应。
研究纳入了 13 个耳鼻喉头颈外科项目的 62 名参与者（32 名执业外科医生；30 名住院医师培训生）。7 个领域中有 5 个达到了表面效度，6 个领域中有 5 个达到了内容效度。在一个表面效度领域（真实的人体工程学，p=0.002）和两个内容效度领域（教学钻孔技术，p=0.011 和整体教学效用，p=0.006）中，组间存在显著差异（p 值<0.05）。评估得分、总体评分和对 CardinalSim 的总体态度都是积极的。开放性问题确定了模拟器的局限性。
CardinalSim 达到了表面效度和内容效度的可接受标准。这个颞骨虚拟现实手术模拟平台可以增强手术培训，并且适合执业耳鼻喉科医生进行特定患者的手术预演。
