Tin and Tin Compound Materials as Anodes in Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Batteries: A Review.

Tin and tin compounds are perceived as promising next-generation lithium (sodium)-ion batteries anodes because of their high theoretical capacity, low cost and proper working potentials. However, their practical applications are severely hampered by huge volume changes during Li (Na) insertion and extraction processes, which could lead to a vast irreversible capacity loss and short cycle life. The significance of morphology design and synergic effects-through combining compatible compounds and/or metals together-on electrochemical properties are analyzed to circumvent these problems. In this review, recent progress and understanding of tin and tin compounds used in lithium (sodium)-ion batteries have been summarized and related approaches to optimize electrochemical performance are also pointed out. Superiorities and intrinsic flaws of the above-mentioned materials that can affect electrochemical performance are discussed, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of tin and tin compounds in lithium(sodium)-ion batteries.