Friedman Andrew, Nabong Lorifel
Physical Medicine and Rehabiliation, Virginia Mason Medical Center, 1100 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98111, USA; University of WA, Seattle, WA, USA.
Virginia Mason Medical Center, 1100 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98111, USA.
Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2020 May;31(2):289-303. doi: 10.1016/j.pmr.2020.01.007.
Opioid receptors and opioid agonists are widespread throughout nature. Endogenous opioids mediate complex functions in animals and in humans. The opioid system in humans plays a central role in pain control and is a key mediator of hedonic homeostasis, mood, and well-being. This system also regulates responses to stress and several peripheral physiologic functions, including respiratory, gastrointestinal, endocrine, and immune systems. This article provides an overview of the basic physiology of opioids, reviews opioid pharmacology, and attempts to address several issues of current importance in the management of patients with established long-term opioid therapy.
阿片受体和阿片类激动剂在自然界中广泛存在。内源性阿片肽介导动物和人类的复杂功能。人类的阿片系统在疼痛控制中起核心作用，是享乐稳态、情绪和幸福感的关键调节因子。该系统还调节对压力的反应以及多种外周生理功能，包括呼吸、胃肠、内分泌和免疫系统。本文概述了阿片类药物的基本生理学，回顾了阿片类药物药理学，并试图解决在长期阿片类药物治疗患者管理中当前几个重要的问题。
