Health Economics and Decision Science, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, UK.
Bangor Business School, Université Catholique de Louvain (IRES), Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Germany.
Soc Sci Med. 2020 May;253:112942. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112942. Epub 2020 Apr 5.
Adolescent bullying victimisation and maltreatment have been linked to mental health disorders. Early intervention interrupting victimisation continuity is required since adolescence is a critical period for the formation of adult skills. We investigate the protective factors against youth victimisation at school and domestically.
This study uses the youth self-completion questionnaire (preadolescents/adolescents aged 10-15) from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS) containing youth victimisation questions in waves 1, 3 and 5 spanning 2009-2013. The self-reported victimisation measures include direct aggression (physical, verbal) and indirect bullying by other young people at school/non-domestically and at the household. The investigation employs balanced and unbalanced sample designs, complete case analysis (CCA) and multiple imputation (MI).
The most effective protective factor reducing victimisation at school and domestically is the strength of family support as felt by the child (perceived family support) and the quality of the family environment. The unobserved factors increasing non-domestic victimisation are related to the latent factors reducing family support. This indicates that victimised adolescents do not always inform their families. The intensity of past period bullying is a strong predictor of future victimisation.
The importance of family support and the quality of the family environment as protective factors necessitates parental involvement in school anti-bullying programmes. The longitudinal persistence of bullying indicates the inability of frequently bullied adolescents to escape victimisation. Anti-bullying policy design should encourage victims to speak up by lowering victimisation stigma and, provide assurances against bully retaliation.
青少年受欺凌和虐待与心理健康障碍有关。由于青春期是形成成人技能的关键时期，因此需要进行早期干预以中断欺凌的连续性。我们研究了针对学校和家庭中青少年受欺凌的保护因素。
本研究使用英国家庭纵向研究（UKHLS）中的青少年自我报告问卷（preadolescents/adolescents aged 10-15），该问卷在 2009-2013 年期间的第 1、3 和 5 波中包含了青少年受欺凌问题。自我报告的受欺凌措施包括直接攻击（身体、言语）和间接欺凌，由学校/非家庭中和家庭中的其他年轻人实施。该研究采用平衡和非平衡样本设计、完全案例分析（CCA）和多重插补（MI）。
减少学校和家庭内受欺凌的最有效保护因素是孩子感受到的家庭支持的强度（感知家庭支持）和家庭环境的质量。增加非家庭受欺凌的未观察到的因素与减少家庭支持的潜在因素有关。这表明受欺凌的青少年并不总是向他们的家人报告。过去欺凌的强度是未来受欺凌的一个强有力的预测因素。
家庭支持和家庭环境质量作为保护因素的重要性需要家长参与学校反欺凌计划。欺凌的纵向持续存在表明，经常受欺凌的青少年无法摆脱受欺凌的处境。反欺凌政策的设计应通过降低受欺凌者的耻辱感和提供免受欺凌者报复的保证，鼓励受害者发声。
