Pickett Steward T A, Cadenasso Mary L, Baker Matthew E, Band Lawrence E, Boone Christopher G, Buckley Geoffrey L, Groffman Peter M, Grove J Morgan, Irwin Elena G, Kaushal Sujay S, LaDeau Shannon L, Miller Andrew J, Nilon Charles H, Romolini Michele, Rosi Emma J, Swan Christopher M, Szlavecz Katalin
Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook New York.
Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California.
Bioscience. 2020 Apr 1;70(4):297-314. doi: 10.1093/biosci/biz166. Epub 2020 Feb 26.
The Earth's population will become more than 80% urban during this century. This threshold is often regarded as sufficient justification for pursuing urban ecology. However, pursuit has primarily focused on building empirical richness, and urban ecology theory is rarely discussed. The Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES) has been grounded in theory since its inception and its two decades of data collection have stimulated progress toward comprehensive urban theory. Emerging urban ecology theory integrates biology, physical sciences, social sciences, and urban design, probes interdisciplinary frontiers while being founded on textbook disciplinary theories, and accommodates surprising empirical results. Theoretical growth in urban ecology has relied on refined frameworks, increased disciplinary scope, and longevity of interdisciplinary interactions. We describe the theories used by BES initially, and trace ongoing theoretical development that increasingly reflects the hybrid biological-physical-social nature of the Baltimore ecosystem. The specific mix of theories used in Baltimore likely will require modification when applied to other urban areas, but the developmental process, and the key results, will continue to benefit other urban social-ecological research projects.
本世纪，地球上超过80%的人口将居住在城市。这一临界点常被视为开展城市生态学研究的充分理由。然而，相关研究主要集中在积累实证资料，很少探讨城市生态学理论。巴尔的摩生态系统研究（BES）自创立之初便以理论为基础，其二十年的数据收集推动了综合性城市理论的发展。新兴的城市生态学理论融合了生物学、物理科学、社会科学和城市设计，在基于学科基础理论的同时探索跨学科前沿，并接纳令人惊讶的实证结果。城市生态学的理论发展依赖于完善的框架、不断扩大的学科范围以及跨学科互动的持续性。我们首先描述了BES最初使用的理论，并追溯了不断发展的理论，这些理论越来越多地反映出巴尔的摩生态系统生物 - 物理 - 社会的混合性质。巴尔的摩所使用的具体理论组合在应用于其他城市地区时可能需要调整，但发展过程和关键成果将继续造福于其他城市社会生态研究项目。
