Epp Schmidt Dietrich J, Pouyat Richard, Szlavecz Katalin, Setälä Heikki, Kotze D Johan, Yesilonis Ian, Cilliers Sarel, Hornung Erzsébet, Dombos Miklós, Yarwood Stephanie A
Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
USDA Forest Service, Research &Development, Washington, District of Columbia 20250, USA.
Nat Ecol Evol. 2017 Apr 10;1(5):123. doi: 10.1038/s41559-017-0123.
Urbanization alters the physicochemical environment, introduces non-native species and causes ecosystem characteristics to converge. It has been speculated that these alterations contribute to loss of regional and global biodiversity, but so far most urban studies have assessed macro-organisms and reported mixed evidence for biodiversity loss. We studied five cities on three continents to assess the global convergence of urban soil microbial communities. We determined the extent to which communities of bacteria, archaea and fungi are geographically distributed, and to what extent urbanization acts as a filter on species diversity. We discovered that microbial communities in general converge, but the response differed among microbial domains; soil archaeal communities showed the strongest convergence, followed by fungi, while soil bacterial communities did not converge. Our data suggest that urban soil archaeal and bacterial communities are not vulnerable to biodiversity loss, whereas urbanization may be contributing to the global diversity loss of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Ectomycorrhizae decreased in both abundance and species richness under turf and ruderal land-uses. These data add to an emerging pattern of widespread suppression of ectomycorrhizal fungi by human land-uses that involve physical disruption of the soil, management of the plant community, or nutrient enrichment.
城市化改变了物理化学环境，引入了非本地物种，并导致生态系统特征趋同。据推测，这些改变导致了区域和全球生物多样性的丧失，但到目前为止，大多数城市研究都评估了大型生物，并报告了生物多样性丧失的混合证据。我们研究了三大洲的五个城市，以评估城市土壤微生物群落的全球趋同情况。我们确定了细菌、古菌和真菌群落的地理分布程度，以及城市化对物种多样性的过滤作用程度。我们发现，微生物群落总体上趋同，但不同微生物类群的反应有所不同；土壤古菌群落趋同最强，其次是真菌，而土壤细菌群落没有趋同。我们的数据表明，城市土壤古菌和细菌群落不易受到生物多样性丧失的影响，而城市化可能导致外生菌根真菌的全球多样性丧失。在草坪和杂草丛生的土地利用下，外生菌根的丰度和物种丰富度均有所下降。这些数据进一步证明了一种新出现的模式，即人类土地利用通过对土壤的物理破坏、植物群落管理或养分富集等方式，广泛抑制外生菌根真菌。
