Wyn-Jones Peter
Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK.
Perspect Med Virol. 2007;17:177-204. doi: 10.1016/S0168-7069(07)17009-9. Epub 2007 Sep 6.
Viruses in water are usually present in concentrations too low for detection by direct analysis. Virological investigation of water samples is always a multi-stage process involving concentration of viruses present followed by an appropriate detection procedure. There are several approaches to detection of viruses. Part or all of the concentrate may be inoculated into cell cultures to detect infectious cytopathogenic virus, and if this is done in a quantitative fashion the virus can be enumerated, the count being reported as plaque-forming units, the tissue culture infectious dose, or most probable number units. The virus may be isolated and identified from the cell cultures. Viruses that multiply without producing an identifiable cytopathic effect in culture may sometimes be detected by immunoperoxidase or immunofluorescence staining. The concentrate may also be analyzed by molecular biological procedures (usually polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or real-time-PCR). The problem then is that such techniques do not usually detect the infectious virus, and novel approaches have been made recently to meet this challenge.
水中病毒的浓度通常过低，无法通过直接分析进行检测。对水样进行病毒学调查始终是一个多阶段过程，包括对存在的病毒进行浓缩，然后采用适当的检测程序。病毒检测有几种方法。可以将部分或全部浓缩物接种到细胞培养物中，以检测具有感染性的致细胞病变病毒，如果以定量方式进行此操作，就可以对病毒进行计数，计数结果以噬斑形成单位、组织培养感染剂量或最可能数单位报告。可以从细胞培养物中分离并鉴定病毒。在培养中增殖但未产生可识别的细胞病变效应的病毒，有时可通过免疫过氧化物酶或免疫荧光染色进行检测。浓缩物也可以通过分子生物学程序（通常是聚合酶链反应（PCR）或实时PCR）进行分析。问题在于，此类技术通常无法检测到具有感染性的病毒，最近已采用新方法来应对这一挑战。
