Data Science Initiative, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Apr 10;17(7):2593. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17072593.
Chlorpyrifos, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (ACI), is one of the most widely used insecticides in the world, and is generally recognized to be a moderate human neurotoxin. This paper reports a distributional environmental justice (dEJ) analysis of chlorpyrifos use in California's Central Valley, examining the way distributions of environmental risks are associated with race, ethnicity, class, gender, and other systems of structural oppression. Spatial data on chlorpyrifos use were retrieved from California's Department of Pesticide Registration public pesticide use records for 2011-2015. These data were combined with demographic data for the Central Valley from the American Community Survey (ACS). Spatial regression models were used to estimate effects of demographic covariates on local chlorpyrifos use. A novel bootstrap method was used to account for measurement error in the ACS estimates. This study finds consistent evidence that Hispanic population proportion is associated with increased local chlorpyrifos use. A 10-point increase in Hispanic proportion is associated with an estimated 1.05-1.4-fold increase in local chlorpyrifos use across Census tract models. By contrast, effects of agricultural employment and poverty on local chlorpyrifos use are ambiguous and inconsistent between Census tracts and Census-designated places.
毒死蜱是一种乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂（ACI），是世界上使用最广泛的杀虫剂之一，普遍被认为是一种中等强度的人类神经毒素。本文报告了加利福尼亚中央谷地区毒死蜱使用的分布环境正义（dEJ）分析，研究了环境风险分布与种族、民族、阶级、性别和其他结构压迫制度之间的关系。2011 年至 2015 年，从加利福尼亚农药登记处公共农药使用记录中检索了有关毒死蜱使用的空间数据。这些数据与美国社区调查（ACS）中中央谷地区的人口统计数据相结合。使用空间回归模型来估计人口统计协变量对当地毒死蜱使用的影响。使用一种新的自举方法来解释 ACS 估计中的测量误差。本研究一致发现，西班牙裔人口比例与当地毒死蜱使用增加有关。在人口普查区模型中，西班牙裔比例每增加 10 个点，当地毒死蜱使用的估计值就会增加 1.05 到 1.4 倍。相比之下，农业就业和贫困对当地毒死蜱使用的影响在人口普查区和人口普查指定地点之间是不确定和不一致的。
