Cell and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India.
Department of Biological Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, West Bengal, India.
Comb Chem High Throughput Screen. 2020;23(9):972-980. doi: 10.2174/1386207323666200415110745.
Humans continuously use pesticides in the field to control the pest population and weeds for considerable agricultural productivity. Side-by species like grazinganimals, insects and other species are adversely affected by or become resistant to pesticides. Insects, birds and cattle are highly abundant dwellers of the agriculture-field and represent three distinct phyla having versatile physiological features. Besides higher agricultural-productivity, protection to several species will maintain ecological/environmental balance. Studies on the effect of widely used pesticides on their DNA-stability and important enzymatic-activities are insufficient.
Antioxidant-activity (Superoxide-dismutase; SOD/Catalase- by gelzymogram- assay) and DNA-stability (fragmentation-assay) in hepatic/gut tissues were studied after in vitro exposure of Chlorpyrifos, Fenvalerate, Nimbecidine or Azadirachtin to goat/cow/poultry-hen/insect.
In general, all pesticides were found to impair enzymatic-activities. However, lower organisms were affected more than higher vertebrates by azadirachtin-treatment. DNA fragmentation was found more in insects/poultry-birds than that of the cattle in hepatic/gut tissues. Inversely, toxicity/antioxidant marker-enzymes were more responsive in insect gut-tissues. However, mitochondrialtoxicity revealed variable effects on different species. It has been noticed that chlorpyrifos is the most toxic pesticide, followed by Fenvalerate/Nimbecidine (Azadirachtin, AZT). Nevertheless, AZT revealed its higher DNA-destabilizing effects on the field-insects as compared to the other animals.
Field-insects are highly integrated into the ecosystem and the local bio-geo-chemical cycle, which may be impaired. Pesticides may have toxic effects on higher vertebrates and may sustain in the soil after being metabolized into their different derivatives. Some of the sensitive biochemical parameters of this organism may be used as a biomarker for pesticide toxicity.
人类为了控制害虫和杂草，持续在田间使用农药以提高农业生产力。然而，像食草动物、昆虫和其他物种这样的侧生动物会受到农药的不利影响或产生抗药性。昆虫、鸟类和牛是农业领域中非常丰富的居住者，它们代表了具有多种生理特征的三个不同门。除了提高农业生产力外，保护这些物种还将维持生态/环境平衡。目前，关于广泛使用的农药对其 DNA 稳定性和重要酶活性影响的研究还不够充分。
在体外接触氯吡硫磷、氰戊菊酯、螺虫乙酯或印楝素后，研究了这些农药对山羊/牛/家禽/鸡/昆虫的肝/肠组织中的抗氧化活性（超氧化物歧化酶/过氧化氢酶-凝胶酶谱法）和 DNA 稳定性（片段化分析）。
总的来说，所有的农药都被发现会损害酶活性。然而，与高等脊椎动物相比，低等生物更容易受到印楝素的影响。在肝/肠组织中，昆虫/家禽鸟类的 DNA 片段化比牛更多。相反，昆虫肠道组织中的毒性/抗氧化标记酶更为敏感。然而，线粒体毒性对不同物种的影响是不同的。值得注意的是，氯吡硫磷是最具毒性的农药，其次是氰戊菊酯/螺虫乙酯（印楝素，AZT）。然而，与其他动物相比，AZT 对田间昆虫的 DNA 破坏作用更强。
田间昆虫高度融入生态系统和当地的生物地球化学循环，而这些可能会受到破坏。农药可能对高等脊椎动物产生毒性影响，并在代谢为不同衍生物后在土壤中残留。该生物的一些敏感生化参数可作为农药毒性的生物标志物。
