Messi Marcello, Giorgione Roberta, Astolfi Maria Luisa
Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
Research Center for Applied Sciences to the Safeguard of Environment and Cultural Heritage (CIABC), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
Toxics. 2025 Aug 20;13(8):698. doi: 10.3390/toxics13080698.
Despite their crucial biological role as metabolites, reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) can have a negative effect on organisms when their cellular contents overwhelm the normal equilibrium provided by antioxidant defenses. Important biomolecules, such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (i.e., DNA), can be damaged by their oxidative effects, resulting in malfunction or a shorter lifespan of cells and, eventually, of the whole organism. Oxidative stress can be defined as the consequence of an imbalance of pro-oxidants and antioxidants due to external stress sources (e.g., exposure to xenobiotics, UV radiation, or thermic stress). It can be evaluated by monitoring specific biomarkers to determine the state of health of breathing organisms. Assessments of ROS, RNS, specific degenerative oxidative reaction products, and antioxidant system efficiency (antioxidant enzyme activities and antioxidant compound contents) have been extensively performed for this purpose. A wide variety of analytical methods for measuring these biomarkers exist in the literature; most of these methods involve indirect determination via spectrophotometric and spectrofluorometric techniques. This review reports a collection of studies from the last decade regarding contaminant-induced oxidative stress in insects, with a brief description of the analytical methods utilized.
尽管活性氧和活性氮物质（ROS和RNS）作为代谢产物具有关键的生物学作用，但当它们在细胞内的含量超过抗氧化防御所提供的正常平衡时，就会对生物体产生负面影响。重要的生物分子，如脂质、蛋白质和核酸（即DNA），会因其氧化作用而受损，导致细胞功能失常或寿命缩短，最终影响整个生物体。氧化应激可定义为由于外部应激源（如接触外源性物质、紫外线辐射或热应激）导致的促氧化剂和抗氧化剂失衡的结果。可以通过监测特定生物标志物来评估氧化应激，以确定呼吸生物的健康状况。为此，已广泛开展了对ROS、RNS、特定的退行性氧化反应产物以及抗氧化系统效率（抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化化合物含量）的评估。文献中存在多种测量这些生物标志物的分析方法；其中大多数方法涉及通过分光光度法和荧光分光光度法进行间接测定。本综述报告了过去十年中关于污染物诱导昆虫氧化应激的一系列研究，并简要描述了所使用的分析方法。
