German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
Front Immunol. 2020 Mar 31;11:513. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00513. eCollection 2020.
Heterologous immunity (H.I.) is a consequence of an encounter with a specific antigen, which can alter the subsequent immune response to a different antigen. This can happen at the innate immune system level-often called trained immunity or innate immune memory-and/or at the adaptive immune system level involving T memory cells and antibodies. Viruses may also induce T cell-mediated H.I., which can confer protection or drive immunopathology against other virus subtypes, related or unrelated viruses, other pathogens, auto- or allo-antigens. It is important to understand the underlying mechanisms for the development of antiviral "universal" vaccines and broader T cell responses rather than just subtype-specific antibody responses as in the case of influenza. Furthermore, knowledge about determinants of vaccine-mediated H.I. may inform public health policies and provide suggestions for repurposing existing vaccines. Here, we introduce H.I. and provide an overview of evidence on virus- and antiviral vaccine-induced T cell-mediated cross-reactive responses. We also discuss the factors influencing final clinical outcome of virus-mediated H.I. as well as non-specific beneficial effects of live attenuated antiviral vaccines such as measles and vaccinia. Available epidemiological and mechanistic data have implications both for the development of new vaccines and for personalized vaccinology, which are presented. Finally, we formulate future research priorities and opportunities.
异源免疫 (Heterologous immunity, H.I.) 是与特定抗原接触的结果，它可以改变对不同抗原的后续免疫反应。这种情况可能发生在先天免疫系统水平——通常称为训练有素的免疫或先天免疫记忆——以及适应性免疫系统水平，涉及 T 记忆细胞和抗体。病毒也可能诱导 T 细胞介导的 H.I.，这可以提供对其他病毒亚型、相关或不相关病毒、其他病原体、自身或同种抗原的保护或驱动免疫病理学。了解抗病毒“通用”疫苗和更广泛的 T 细胞反应的发展机制非常重要，而不仅仅是像流感那样针对亚型特异性抗体反应。此外，关于疫苗介导的 H.I.的决定因素的知识可能会为公共卫生政策提供信息，并为现有疫苗的重新利用提供建议。在这里，我们介绍 H.I.，并概述病毒和抗病毒疫苗诱导的 T 细胞介导的交叉反应性应答的证据。我们还讨论了影响病毒介导的 H.I.最终临床结果的因素，以及麻疹和牛痘等减毒活抗病毒疫苗的非特异性有益作用。现有的流行病学和机制数据对新疫苗的开发和个性化疫苗学都有影响，我们对此进行了介绍。最后，我们提出了未来的研究重点和机会。
