Lumsden Susannah C, Clarkson Andrew N, Cakmak Yusuf Ozgur
Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Brain Health Research Centre, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Front Neurosci. 2020 Apr 2;14:264. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00264. eCollection 2020.
Stimulation of the pineal gland via its sympathetic innervation pathway results in the production of N-acetylserotonin and melatonin. Melatonin has many therapeutic roles and is heavily implicated in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. In addition, N-acetylserotonin has recently been reported to promote neurogenesis in the brain. Upregulation of these indoleamines is possible via neuromodulation of the pineal gland. This is achieved by electrical stimulation of structures or fibres in the pineal gland sympathetic innervation pathway. Many studies have performed such pineal neuromodulation using both invasive and non-invasive methods. However, the effects of various experimental variables and stimulation paradigms has not yet been reviewed and evaluated. This review summarises these studies and presents the optimal experimental protocols and stimulation parameters necessary for maximal upregulation of melatonin metabolic output.
通过其交感神经支配途径刺激松果体可导致N-乙酰血清素和褪黑素的产生。褪黑素具有许多治疗作用，并且在睡眠-觉醒周期的调节中起着重要作用。此外，最近有报道称N-乙酰血清素可促进大脑中的神经发生。通过松果体的神经调节有可能上调这些吲哚胺。这是通过电刺激松果体交感神经支配途径中的结构或纤维来实现的。许多研究已经使用侵入性和非侵入性方法进行了这种松果体神经调节。然而，各种实验变量和刺激模式的影响尚未得到综述和评估。本综述总结了这些研究，并提出了使褪黑素代谢输出最大程度上调所需的最佳实验方案和刺激参数。
