Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1244:107-147. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-41008-7_6.
The past decade has witnessed a revolution of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of multiple tumor types, including genitourinary cancers. Immune checkpoint inhibitors improved the treatment outcomes of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and metastatic urothelial carcinoma. In prostate cancer, the role of immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors is not yet established, but clinical trials investigating their use are ongoing. Other immunotherapeutic approaches that have been explored in these malignancies include cytokines, vaccines, and cellular therapy. Ongoing studies are exploring the use of immunotherapy combinations as well as combination with chemotherapy and targeted therapy in these types of tumors. The use of immunotherapy beyond the metastatic setting is an active area of research. Moreover, there is a great interest in biomarker development to predict response to immunotherapy and risk of toxicity. This chapter is a comprehensive review of the immunotherapeutic approaches, both approved and investigational, for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, and prostate cancer.
过去十年见证了免疫检查点抑制剂在多种肿瘤类型治疗中的革命，包括泌尿生殖系统癌症。免疫检查点抑制剂改善了转移性肾细胞癌和转移性尿路上皮癌患者的治疗结果。在前列腺癌中，免疫检查点抑制剂的免疫治疗作用尚未确定，但正在进行临床试验以研究其用途。在这些恶性肿瘤中还探索了其他免疫治疗方法，包括细胞因子、疫苗和细胞疗法。正在进行的研究正在探索这些类型的肿瘤中免疫治疗联合化疗和靶向治疗的应用。免疫治疗在转移性疾病以外的应用是一个活跃的研究领域。此外，人们对开发生物标志物以预测免疫治疗反应和毒性风险非常感兴趣。本章全面综述了免疫治疗方法，包括已批准和正在研究的用于治疗肾细胞癌、尿路上皮癌和前列腺癌的方法。
