Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2021;1342:143-192. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-79308-1_5.
The past decade has witnessed a revolution in the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of multiple tumor types, including genitourinary cancers. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have notably improved the treatment outcomes of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and metastatic urothelial carcinoma. In prostate cancer, the role of immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors is not yet established except for microsatellite instability high (MSI-H) tumors. Other immunotherapeutic approaches that have been explored in these malignancies include cytokines, vaccines, and cellular therapy. Ongoing studies are exploring the use of immunotherapy combinations as well as combination with chemotherapy and targeted therapy in these types of tumors. The use of immunotherapy beyond the metastatic setting is an active area of research. Moreover, there is great interest in biomarker development to predict response to immunotherapy and risk of toxicity. This book chapter is a comprehensive review of immunotherapeutic approaches, both approved and investigational, for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, and prostate cancer.
过去十年见证了免疫检查点抑制剂在治疗多种肿瘤类型方面的发展革命，包括泌尿生殖系统癌症。免疫检查点抑制剂显著改善了转移性肾细胞癌和转移性尿路上皮癌患者的治疗结果。在前列腺癌中，除了微卫星不稳定高（MSI-H）肿瘤外，检查点抑制剂的免疫疗法作用尚未确定。其他在这些恶性肿瘤中探索的免疫治疗方法包括细胞因子、疫苗和细胞疗法。正在进行的研究正在探索在这些类型的肿瘤中使用免疫治疗联合以及与化疗和靶向治疗的联合。免疫治疗在转移性疾病之外的应用是一个活跃的研究领域。此外，人们对生物标志物的开发非常感兴趣，以预测免疫治疗的反应和毒性风险。本章是对免疫治疗方法的全面综述，包括已批准和正在研究的用于治疗肾细胞癌、尿路上皮癌和前列腺癌的方法。
