Department of Mathematics and Statistics, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Health Soc Care Community. 2020 Sep;28(5):1698-1709. doi: 10.1111/hsc.12995. Epub 2020 Apr 17.
This study is conducted to determine the impact of some selected socioeconomic and demographic factors on households' food insecurity in Pakistan. Data are taken from national-level survey Household Integrated Income and Consumption Survey 2015-2016. Inclusion of gender dimensions of some important factors and estimation of varying estimates at four severity levels of households' food insecurity status using partial proportional odds model may be considered unique features of the study. It is concluded that household's income, employment, agricultural income, donations, parental education level and some households' characteristics are important factors for improving food security in Pakistan. Maternal education, and maternal paid employment compared to paternal education, and paternal paid employment show strong positive effects to improve severe food insecurity. Couple paid employment, livestock ownership and operating agricultural land seem to have the most effective role for improving food security. Social welfare programmes and religious institution of Zakat are helpful to cope with severe food insecurity in Pakistan. Some special efforts or development strategies are recommended to improve food insecurity of rural households and Baluchistan province. Moreover, the observed U-type quadratic impact of household size and the adverse impact of dependency ratio induce effective policies to control high birth rate in Pakistan. Hence, creation of employment opportunities especially for women, appreciation of couple paid employment, easy access to education for women, steps to raise level of education, growth of agricultural sector, rural development, social welfare and development schemes for Baluchistan, and continuation of Benazir Income Support Program are recommended to overcome severe and moderate level food insecurity in Pakistan. Since socioeconomic conditions and food insecurity issues of developing countries and especially in South Asian countries are homogeneous and therefore, the analysis in this study might be relevant to South Asian region.
本研究旨在确定一些选定的社会经济和人口因素对巴基斯坦家庭粮食不安全状况的影响。数据来自国家层面的调查——家庭综合收入和消费调查 2015-2016 年。本研究的独特之处在于，纳入了一些重要因素的性别维度，并使用部分比例优势模型估计了家庭粮食不安全状况四个严重程度级别的不同估计值。研究结果表明，家庭收入、就业、农业收入、捐赠、父母教育水平和一些家庭特征是改善巴基斯坦粮食安全的重要因素。与父亲教育和父亲就业相比，母亲教育和母亲有薪就业对改善严重粮食不安全状况具有很强的积极影响。夫妻有薪就业、牲畜所有权和经营农业用地似乎对改善粮食安全具有最有效的作用。社会福利计划和宗教机构的天课有助于应对巴基斯坦的严重粮食不安全问题。建议采取一些特殊措施或发展战略，改善农村家庭和俾路支省的粮食不安全状况。此外，观察到家庭规模的 U 型二次影响以及抚养比的不利影响，需要采取有效政策来控制巴基斯坦的高出生率。因此，建议创造就业机会，特别是为妇女创造就业机会，为妇女提供更多接受教育的机会，提高教育水平，促进农业部门的增长，开展农村发展、社会福利和俾路支发展计划，继续实施贝娜齐尔收入支持计划，以克服巴基斯坦严重和中度粮食不安全问题。由于发展中国家，特别是南亚国家的社会经济状况和粮食不安全问题具有同质性，因此，本研究的分析可能与南亚地区相关。
