Department of Epidemiology Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street suite 2000, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
Department of Social, Behavioral and Population Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street suite 2210, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
BMC Public Health. 2022 Apr 11;22(1):717. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-12889-4.
From 2014-2019, Latin America and the Caribbean had the fastest growth of moderate-to-severe food insecurity than any other region, rising from 22.9% to 31.7%. While the prevalence of food insecurity is higher among women than men in every continent, Latin America has the largest food insecurity gender gap. Factors contributing to this gender inequity include underrepresentation of women in formal employment, heightened burden of dependent care on women, and unequal compensation of labor for women vs. men. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between the gender of the head of the household, employment status of household members, and food insecurity in households with children in a low-income district of Lima, Peru.
This cross-sectional study was carried out in Villa El Salvador, the fifth largest district in Metropolitan Lima, Peru, where over 20% of the population lives in poverty. Data were collected on a stratified random sample (n = 329) using a household questionnaire, including a validated food security tool (HFIAS). We ran multivariate logistic regression models predicting household food insecurity, with independent variables including gender of household head, education of household head, employment of household head, household-level employment status, age, and weekly food expenses per person.
In fully adjusted models, woman-headed households had almost thrice the odds of being food insecure compared to man-headed households. Education also had a significant effect size: a household whose household head did not complete high school was 3.4 times more likely to be food insecure than if they had some post-secondary education. Woman-headed households had a significantly higher proportion of members not formally employed, compared to man-headed households, but employment status was not associated with food insecurity.
Gender of the household head was a major contributing factor to household food insecurity in Villa el Salvador. Gender dynamics affecting opportunities for employment, education, and non-remunerated work should inform national food security policies and interventions with the goal to not only lower food insecurity, but also reduce gender inequities in food insecurity and other nutritional outcomes.
从 2014 年至 2019 年，拉丁美洲和加勒比地区中度至重度粮食不安全的增长速度比其他任何地区都快，从 22.9%上升到 31.7%。尽管每个大陆的女性粮食不安全发生率都高于男性，但拉丁美洲的粮食不安全性别差距最大。导致这种性别不平等的因素包括女性在正规就业中的代表性不足、女性对依赖照顾的负担加重、以及女性与男性劳动力的报酬不平等。本研究的目的是调查秘鲁利马低收入地区有子女家庭中户主的性别、家庭成员的就业状况与粮食不安全之间的关系。
本横断面研究在秘鲁首都利马第五大行政区维拉·萨尔瓦多进行，该地区超过 20%的人口生活贫困。使用家庭问卷（包括经过验证的粮食安全工具 HFIAS）对分层随机样本（n=329）进行了数据收集。我们运行了多变量逻辑回归模型来预测家庭粮食不安全，独立变量包括户主的性别、户主的教育程度、户主的就业状况、家庭层面的就业状况、年龄和每人每周的食物支出。
在完全调整的模型中，女性户主家庭粮食不安全的可能性几乎是男性户主家庭的三倍。教育也有显著的影响：一个家庭如果户主没有完成高中教育，那么他们粮食不安全的可能性是受过一些中学后教育的家庭的 3.4 倍。与男性户主家庭相比，女性户主家庭没有正式就业的成员比例明显更高，但就业状况与粮食不安全无关。
户主的性别是维拉·萨尔瓦多家庭粮食不安全的一个主要因素。影响就业、教育和无报酬工作机会的性别动态应该为国家粮食安全政策和干预措施提供信息，其目标不仅是降低粮食不安全，还要减少粮食不安全和其他营养结果方面的性别不平等。
