Department of Land Improvement, Environmental Development and Spatial Management, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Piątkowska St. 94, 60-649 Poznań, Poland.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Aug 23;19(17):10502. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191710502.
This study investigated the spatial distribution, contamination, potential ecological risks and quantities of pollutant sources of six heavy metals (HMs) in sediments of 47 rivers. The catchments of the investigated rivers are situated in Poland, but some of them are located in Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Germany. Cluster analysis was applied to analyze the spatial distribution of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in river sediments. Moran and Getis-Ord Gi* statistics were calculated to reveal the distribution pattern and hotspot values. Principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) were used to identify pollution sources. Furthermore, geochemical indices and sediment quality guidelines allowed us to assess sediment contamination and potential toxic effects on aquatic biota. The results showed that in 1/3rd of the rivers, the HM pattern and concentrations indicate sediment contamination. The EF, PLI, and MPI indices indicate that concentrations were at a rather low level in 2/3rd of the analyzed rivers. Only in individual rivers may the HMs have toxic effects on aquatic biota. Spatial autocorrelation analysis using the Moran statistic revealed a random and dispersed pattern of HMs in river sediments. PCA analysis identified two sources of HMs' delivery to the aquatic environment. Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn originate from point and non-point sources, while Cd concentrations have a dominant natural origin. The PMF identified three sources of pollution. Among them, urban pollution sources are responsible for Cu delivery, agricultural pollution for Zn, and industrial pollution for Ni and Cr. Moreover, the analysis showed no relationship between catchment land-use patterns and HM content in river sediments.
本研究调查了 47 条河流沉积物中六种重金属（HMs）的空间分布、污染、潜在生态风险和污染物源排放量。这些河流的集水区位于波兰，但其中一些位于斯洛伐克、捷克共和国和德国。聚类分析被应用于分析河流沉积物中 Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb 和 Zn 的空间分布。Moran 和 Getis-Ord Gi* 统计被用来揭示分布模式和热点值。主成分分析（PCA）和正定矩阵因子分解（PMF）被用来识别污染源。此外，地球化学指数和沉积物质量准则允许我们评估沉积物污染和对水生生物的潜在毒性影响。结果表明，在 1/3 的河流中，HM 模式和浓度表明沉积物受到污染。EF、PLI 和 MPI 指数表明，在 2/3 的分析河流中，浓度处于相当低的水平。只有在个别河流中，HMs 可能对水生生物具有毒性作用。使用 Moran 统计的空间自相关分析显示，河流沉积物中 HMs 的分布呈随机和分散模式。PCA 分析确定了 HMs 输送到水生环境的两个来源。Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb 和 Zn 来自点源和非点源，而 Cd 浓度主要具有自然来源。PMF 确定了三个污染源。其中，城市污染源负责 Cu 的输送，农业污染源负责 Zn 的输送，工业污染源负责 Ni 和 Cr 的输送。此外，分析表明集水区土地利用模式与河流沉积物中 HM 含量之间没有关系。
