Foundation of Nursing Studies, London, UK.
Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Nurs Philos. 2020 Jul;21(3):e12300. doi: 10.1111/nup.12300. Epub 2020 Apr 20.
This article presents a critique of Paulo Freire's philosophical perspective on human nature in the context of a doctoral research study to explore "muchness" or nurses' subjective experience of well-being; and demonstrates how this critique has informed the refinement of the theoretical principles used to inform research methodology and methods. Engaging in philosophical groundwork is essential for research coherence and integrity. Through this groundwork, largely informed by Freire's critical pedagogy and his ideas on humanization, I recognized the need to clarify my understanding of the concepts of persons and personhood and how this related to Freire's use of the term human beings. This clarification process is essential to ensure congruence between the theoretical principles that I draw from his work and my beliefs about persons, personhood and person-centredness. The article begins with a brief introduction to the research, followed by an overview of Freire's philosophical perspectives, and subsequently, the critique process is presented and discussed. This process involved engaging with the vast literature and debates about what it means to be a person, to make sense of the often complex and contradictory arguments. Eventually, three headings emerged that helped me to frame my evolving understanding: Our species: human beings; The kind that we are: human nature; and This person that I am: personhood. Through this process of exploration, I recognized that Freire's perspective on human nature (a) foregrounded cognitive rationality, which presented itself as a limitation when considering my ontological beliefs and the focus of my research, leading me to draw on the work of Mark Johnson and his ideas about embodiment to help me to further develop my theoretical principles; (b) focused on the "collective" rather than individuals, which is a shortcoming in relation to person-centred research that acknowledges the uniqueness of participants.
这篇文章对 Paulo Freire 的人性哲学观点进行了批判，其所处的背景是一项博士研究，旨在探索“丰满”或护士的幸福感的主观体验；并展示了这种批判如何为完善用于指导研究方法和方法的理论原则提供了信息。进行哲学基础工作对于研究的一致性和完整性至关重要。通过这项基础工作，主要受 Freire 的批判教育学和他关于人性化的思想的启发，我认识到有必要澄清我对人和人格概念的理解，以及这与 Freire 使用人类术语的关系。这一澄清过程对于确保我从他的作品中汲取的理论原则与我对人和人格的信念之间的一致性至关重要。文章首先简要介绍了这项研究，然后概述了 Freire 的哲学观点，随后介绍并讨论了批判过程。这个过程涉及到参与关于成为一个人意味着什么的大量文献和辩论，以理解这些经常复杂和矛盾的论点。最终，出现了三个标题，帮助我构建了我不断发展的理解：我们的物种：人类；我们所是的种类：人性；以及我所是的这个人：人格。通过这个探索过程，我认识到 Freire 的人性观（a）突出了认知理性，这在考虑我的本体论信仰和研究重点时构成了限制，促使我借鉴 Mark Johnson 的工作及其关于体现的思想，以帮助我进一步发展我的理论原则；（b）关注“集体”而不是个人，这与承认参与者独特性的以人为中心的研究有关，是一个缺点。
