Erythrocyte membrane in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus represents a major public health challenge, due to the continuously growing prevalence and the complexity of the diabetic complications. Hyperglycemia seems to be the main mechanism for the disease progression. During erythrocyte's long life span, erythrocyte membranes are affected by the chronic exposure to glucose, which triggers several biochemical modifications that lead to both structural and functional disruption, which are further involved in the physiopathology of diabetes and its complications. Non-enzymatic protein glycation of red blood cell membrane proteins occur in two phases: early glycation, characterized by Schiff bases and Amadouri compounds formation, and advanced glycation, characterized by advanced glycation end products (AGEs). These products could be valuable tools for early diagnosis or biomarkers for disease progression, depending on how advanced they are in the glycation process. Advanced glycated end products were linked with diabetic complications. Also, lipid peroxidation and decreased activity of the enzyme pumps occur in the erythrocyte membrane of the diabetic patients. The investigation of lipid rafts and erythrocyte membrane fatty acids are a valuable tool for long-term monitoring of metabolic status. Further investigation of the erythrocyte membrane could provide novel biomarkers for monitoring of diabetes and its complications.