SaBio IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), ETSIAM, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Apr 16;21(8):2781. doi: 10.3390/ijms21082781.
Sperm cryopreservation represents a powerful tool for livestock breeding. Several efforts have been made to improve the efficiency of sperm cryopreservation in different ruminant species. However, a significant amount of sperm still suffers considerable cryodamage, which may affect sperm quality and fertility. Recently, the use of different "omics" technologies in sperm cryobiology, especially proteomics studies, has led to a better understanding of the molecular modifications induced by sperm cryopreservation, facilitating the identification of different freezability biomarkers and certain proteins that can be added before cryopreservation to enhance sperm cryosurvival. This review provides an updated overview of the molecular mechanisms involved in sperm cryodamage, which are in part responsible for the structural, functional and fertility changes observed in frozen-thawed ruminant sperm. Moreover, the molecular basis of those factors that can affect the sperm freezing resilience of different ruminant species is also discussed as well as the molecular aspects of those novel strategies that have been developed to reduce sperm cryodamage, including new cryoprotectants, antioxidants, proteins, nanoparticles and vitrification.
精子冷冻保存是家畜繁殖的有力工具。人们已经做出了许多努力来提高不同反刍动物物种的精子冷冻保存效率。然而，大量的精子仍然受到相当大的冷冻损伤，这可能会影响精子质量和生育能力。最近，不同的“组学”技术在精子冷冻生物学中的应用，特别是蛋白质组学研究，使人们对精子冷冻保存引起的分子修饰有了更好的理解，有助于确定不同的可冷冻性生物标志物和某些在冷冻保存前添加的蛋白质，以增强精子的冷冻存活能力。本文综述了精子冷冻损伤涉及的分子机制，部分原因是冷冻解冻反刍动物精子中观察到的结构、功能和生育力变化。此外，还讨论了影响不同反刍动物物种精子冷冻恢复能力的因素的分子基础，以及为减少精子冷冻损伤而开发的一些新策略的分子方面，包括新的冷冻保护剂、抗氧化剂、蛋白质、纳米粒子和玻璃化。
