Vitse Jolien, Devreese Bart
Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
Front Microbiol. 2020 Apr 9;11:630. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00630. eCollection 2020.
Almost all bacteria secrete spherical membranous nanoparticles, also referred to as membrane vesicles (MVs). A variety of MV types exist, ranging from 20 to 400 nm in diameter, each with their own formation routes. The most well-known vesicles are the outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) which are formed by budding from the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria. Recently, other types of MVs have been discovered and described, including outer-inner membrane vesicles (OIMVs) and cytoplasmic membrane vesicles (CMVs). The former are mainly formed by a process termed endolysin-triggered cell lysis in Gram-negative bacteria, the latter are formed by Gram-positive bacteria. MVs carry a wide range of cargo, such as nucleic acids, virulence factors and antibiotic resistance components. Moreover, they are involved in a multitude of biological processes that increase bacterial pathogenicity. In this review, we discuss the functional aspects of MVs secreted by bacteria associated with cystic fibrosis and nosocomial pneumonia. We mainly focus on how MVs are involved in virulence, antibiotic resistance, biofilm development and inflammation that consequently aid these bacterial infections.
几乎所有细菌都会分泌球形膜纳米颗粒，也被称为膜囊泡（MVs）。存在多种类型的MVs，直径从20到400纳米不等，每种都有其自身的形成途径。最广为人知的囊泡是外膜囊泡（OMVs），它通过革兰氏阴性菌外膜出芽形成。最近，还发现并描述了其他类型的MVs，包括外-内膜囊泡（OIMVs）和细胞质膜囊泡（CMVs）。前者主要通过革兰氏阴性菌中一种称为内溶素触发细胞裂解的过程形成，后者由革兰氏阳性菌形成。MVs携带多种物质，如核酸、毒力因子和抗生素抗性成分。此外，它们参与多种增加细菌致病性的生物学过程。在本综述中，我们讨论与囊性纤维化和医院获得性肺炎相关的细菌所分泌的MVs的功能方面。我们主要关注MVs如何参与毒力、抗生素抗性、生物膜形成和炎症，从而促进这些细菌感染。
