Cancer stem cells in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a decisive role in the development and progression of cancer. To investigate CSCs in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated carcinoma (EBVaGC), we screened previously reported stem cell markers of gastric cancer in EBV-infected gastric cancer cell lines (TMK1 and NUGC3) and identified CD44v6v9 double positive cells as candidate CSCs. CD44v6/v9 cells were sorted from EBVaGC cell line (SNU719) cells and EBV-infected TMK1 cells and these cell populations showed high spheroid-forming ability and tumor formation in SCID mice compared with the respective CD44v6/v9 cells. Sphere-forming ability was dependent on the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, which was confirmed by decrease of sphere formation ability under BAY 11-7082. Small interfering RNA knockdown of latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A), one of the latent gene products of EBV infection, decreased spheroid formation in SNU719 cells. Transfection of the LMP2A gene increased the sphere-forming ability of TMK1 cells, which was mediated through NF-κB signaling. Together, these results indicate that CD44v6v9 cells are CSCs in EBVaGC that are maintained through the LMP2A/NF-κB pathway. Future studies should investigate CD44v6/v9 cells in normal and neoplastic gastric epithelium to prevent and treat this specific subtype of gastric cancer infected with EBV.