Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 145, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
BMC Public Health. 2020 Apr 28;20(1):570. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-08617-5.
In order to generate more effective interventions to promote exercise and sport in adolescence, a better understanding of the interaction of influencing factors across different levels is needed. In particular, motivation and volition for exercise and sport, as well as the context in which adolescents are doing exercise and sport, have been identified as important factors. Behavioral context refers to both the organizational setting, e.g., doing exercise and sport in a club, and the social setting, e.g., doing exercise and sport with friends. Extending previous research, the present study applies a person-oriented approach and aims to identify typical behavioral context patterns and motivational-volitional patterns. To validate the patterns, it was examined whether they differ concerning the exercise and sport activity level. Furthermore, the study investigated how behavioral context patterns and motivational-volitional patterns interact.
A cross-sectional design with 1155 adolescents (M = 15.29; 53% female) was applied. A latent profile analysis was used twice to identify typical patterns: once with eight organizational and social setting factors to examine behavioral context patterns, and once with five motivational-volitional factors to examine motivational-volitional patterns. To validate the patterns identified, the exercise and sport activity level were compared across the patterns using Wald-tests. Finally, transition probabilities and odds ratios were calculated in order to investigate the interaction of the behavioral context and motivational-volitional patterns.
Four behavioral context patterns - differing in activity level - were identified: Mostly inactive, non-club-organized individualists, self-organized individualists and family sportspersons, and traditional competitive club athletes with friends. Furthermore, five motivational-volitional patterns emerged with differing activity levels: three level patterns with overall low, moderate or high motivation and volition, and two shape patterns called the intention- and plan-less and the plan-less motivated. Regarding interaction, the results indicate that one behavioral context pattern is not solely responsible for moderate to high motivation and volition in adolescents.
Applying a person-oriented approach allows a more differentiated view of how behavioral context and motivational-volitional factors interact within homogenous subgroups. This, in turn, provides a basis to design tailored multilevel interventions which account for the interaction of influencing factors across different levels.
为了制定更有效的干预措施来促进青少年锻炼和运动，需要更好地理解不同层次影响因素的相互作用。特别是，锻炼和运动的动机和意志，以及青少年锻炼和运动的环境，已被确定为重要因素。行为环境是指组织环境，例如在俱乐部中进行锻炼和运动，以及社会环境，例如与朋友一起进行锻炼和运动。本研究扩展了先前的研究，采用了一种面向个体的方法，旨在确定典型的行为环境模式和动机-意志模式。为了验证这些模式，研究考察了它们在运动水平上是否存在差异。此外，本研究还调查了行为环境模式和动机-意志模式之间的相互作用。
采用横断面设计，对 1155 名青少年（M=15.29；53%为女性）进行了研究。使用潜在剖面分析两次来确定典型模式：一次使用八项组织和社会环境因素来检查行为环境模式，另一次使用五项动机-意志因素来检查动机-意志模式。为了验证所确定的模式，使用 Wald 检验比较了不同模式之间的运动水平。最后，计算了转移概率和优势比，以调查行为环境和动机-意志模式之间的相互作用。
确定了四个行为环境模式——在活动水平上有所不同：大多数不活跃、非俱乐部组织的个人主义者、自我组织的个人主义者和家庭运动员，以及传统的有朋友的竞技俱乐部运动员。此外，还出现了五个动机-意志模式，活动水平也有所不同：三个水平模式，整体上动机和意志水平低、中或高，两个形状模式，分别称为无意图和计划的和无计划激励的。关于相互作用的结果表明，一种行为环境模式并不能单独解释青少年的中等至高度的动机和意志。
应用面向个体的方法可以更细致地了解行为环境和动机-意志因素在同质亚组内的相互作用。这反过来又为设计针对不同层次影响因素相互作用的个性化多层次干预措施提供了基础。
