de Silva Dilani D, Groenewald Johannes Z, Crous Pedro W, Ades Peter K, Nasruddin Andi, Mongkolporn Orarat, Taylor Paul W J
1Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia.
2Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
IMA Fungus. 2019 Jun 28;10:8. doi: 10.1186/s43008-019-0001-y. eCollection 2019.
Anthracnose of chili ( spp.) causes major production losses throughout Asia where chili plants are grown. A total of 260 isolates, associated with necrotic lesions of chili leaves and fruit were collected from chili producing areas of Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Taiwan. was the most commonly isolated species from infected chili fruit and was readily identified by its falcate spores and abundant setae in the necrotic lesions. The other isolates consisted of straight conidia (cylindrical and fusiform) which were difficult to differentiate to species based on morphological characters. Taxonomic analysis of these straight conidia isolates based on multi-gene phylogenetic analyses (ITS) revealed a further seven known species, , and . In addition, three novel species are also described as and , associated with anthracnose of chili fruit in West Java (Indonesia); Makassar, South Sulawesi (Indonesia); and Tainan (Taiwan), respectively. is reported for the first time causing anthracnose of in Indonesia and Sri Lanka. This is also the first report of causing anthracnose of chili in Taiwan and Thailand and in Malaysia and Thailand. Of the species with straight conidia, (acutatum complex), was the most prevalent throughout the surveyed countries, except for Sri Lanka from where this species was not isolated. (gloeosporioides complex) was also common in Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Pathogenicity tests on chili fruit showed that and were highly aggressive, especially when inoculated on non-wounded fruit, compared to all other species. The existence of new, highly aggressive exotic species, such as , poses a biosecurity risk to production in countries which do not have adequate quarantine regulations to restrict the entry of exotic pathogens.
辣椒炭疽病（辣椒疫霉菌种）在亚洲所有种植辣椒的地区都会造成重大产量损失。从印度尼西亚、马来西亚、斯里兰卡、泰国和台湾的辣椒产区收集了共计260个与辣椒叶片和果实坏死病斑相关的分离株。炭疽菌是从受感染的辣椒果实中最常分离出的菌种，通过其镰刀形孢子和坏死病斑中的丰富刚毛很容易识别。其他分离株具有直分生孢子（圆柱形和梭形），基于形态特征很难区分到具体菌种。基于多基因系统发育分析（ITS）对这些直分生孢子分离株进行分类分析，又发现了另外7个已知菌种，即尖孢炭疽菌、胶孢炭疽菌、暹罗炭疽菌、黑线炭疽菌、辣椒炭疽菌、果腐刺盘孢和层出炭疽菌。此外，还分别描述了3个新菌种，即爪哇炭疽菌、望加锡炭疽菌和台南炭疽菌，它们分别与印度尼西亚西爪哇、南苏拉威西省望加锡和台湾台南的辣椒果实炭疽病有关。报道了炭疽菌首次在印度尼西亚和斯里兰卡引起辣椒炭疽病。这也是暹罗炭疽菌在台湾和泰国引起辣椒炭疽病以及层出炭疽菌在马来西亚和泰国引起辣椒炭疽病的首次报道。在具有直分生孢子的菌种中，尖孢炭疽菌（尖孢炭疽菌复合种）在所有被调查的国家中最为普遍，除了斯里兰卡未分离到该菌种。胶孢炭疽菌（胶孢炭疽菌复合种）在印度尼西亚、斯里兰卡和泰国也很常见。对辣椒果实进行的致病性测试表明，与所有其他菌种相比，尖孢炭疽菌和胶孢炭疽菌具有很强侵略性，尤其是接种在未受伤的果实上时。新的、具有高度侵略性的外来菌种（如尖孢炭疽菌）的存在，对那些没有足够检疫规定来限制外来病原体进入的国家的生产构成了生物安全风险。
