Department of Economics, Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, Famagusta, Turkey.
Economics Department, Babcock University, Ikenne, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020 Jul;27(21):26125-26140. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-08714-3. Epub 2020 May 1.
Globalization is the paradigm shift to a more integrated world economy broadly shaping economies and societies around the globe. The wave of globalization is much more eminent on its impact on increased energy demand, knowledge and technology transfer, trade, and financial capital flows. The present study focuses on Turkey, a fast-emerging economy that is no exception to the wave of globalization. This current study explores the dynamics between ecological footprints, energy consumption, and real income level for the case of Turkey in a carbon-income function while accounting for other covariate like globalization to avoid omitted variable bias. The study data spans from 1970 to 2017 on an annual frequency basis. The stationarity properties of the outlined variables were investigated. Subsequently, the equilibrium relationship between the variables is confirmed by the battery of recent robust estimation techniques. While to detect the causality of direction among the variables, the Modified Wald test causality test is utilized. This study reveals that an increase in energy consumption in Turkey reduces environmental pollution by a magnitude of 0.37% in the short run and 0.43% long run, while an increase in economic expansion dampens the quality of the environment 0.42% and 0.72% on both short and long-run basis. This is indicative given that Turkey is more energy conscious and energy efficient, while a positive statistically significant relationship is observed between real income level and ecological footprint and globalization index. The causality analysis also supports the growth-induced energy consumption hypothesis. The study further offers policy direction for the energy sector in Turkey in the face of global interconnectedness.
全球化是一种更具整体性的世界经济范式转变，它广泛地塑造着全球各地的经济和社会。全球化浪潮对能源需求的增长、知识和技术的转移、贸易和金融资本流动的影响更为显著。本研究以土耳其为例，土耳其是一个快速崛起的经济体，也未能免受全球化浪潮的影响。本研究在碳收入函数中探讨了土耳其的生态足迹、能源消费和实际收入水平之间的动态关系，同时考虑了全球化等其他协变量，以避免遗漏变量偏差。研究数据涵盖了 1970 年至 2017 年的年度数据。检验了所研究变量的平稳性。随后，使用最近的稳健估计技术来验证变量之间的均衡关系。为了检测变量之间的因果关系方向，使用了修正 Wald 检验因果关系检验。本研究表明，土耳其能源消费的增加在短期内将环境污染减少 0.37%，长期内减少 0.43%，而经济扩张的增加在短期内和长期内分别使环境质量恶化 0.42%和 0.72%。这表明，鉴于土耳其在能源方面的意识更强，能源效率更高，实际收入水平与生态足迹和全球化指数之间存在正相关关系，且具有统计学意义。因果关系分析也支持了增长引起的能源消费假说。本研究还为土耳其能源部门在全球互联的背景下提供了政策方向。
