M2iSH, UMR 1071 Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE USC 2018, CRNH, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
Cells. 2020 Apr 30;9(5):1111. doi: 10.3390/cells9051111.
To communicate with each other, cells release exosomes that transfer their composition, including lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, to neighboring cells, thus playing a role in various pathophysiological processes. During an infection with pathogenic bacteria, such as adherent-invasive (AIEC) associated with Crohn disease, exosomes secreted by infected cells can have an impact on the innate immune responses of surrounding cells to infection. Furthermore, inflammation can be amplified via the exosomal shuttle during infection with pathogenic bacteria, which could contribute to the development of the associated disease. Since these vesicles can be released in various biological fluids, changes in exosomal content may provide a means for the identification of non-invasive biomarkers for infectious and inflammatory bowel diseases. Moreover, evidence suggests that exosomes could be used as vaccines to prime the immune system to recognize and kill invading pathogens, and as therapeutic components relieving intestinal inflammation. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of exosomes in bacterial infections and highlight their potential use as biomarkers, vaccines and conveyers of therapeutic molecules in inflammatory bowel diseases.
为了相互沟通，细胞释放出含有脂质、蛋白质和核酸等成分的外泌体，将其转移到邻近的细胞，从而在各种病理生理过程中发挥作用。在感染致病性细菌（如与克罗恩病相关的黏附侵袭性细菌）时，受感染细胞分泌的外泌体可以影响周围细胞对感染的固有免疫反应。此外，在感染致病性细菌时，炎症可以通过外泌体载体放大，这可能有助于相关疾病的发展。由于这些囊泡可以在各种生物体液中释放，因此外泌体内容物的变化可能为识别感染和炎症性肠病的非侵入性生物标志物提供一种手段。此外，有证据表明，外泌体可用作疫苗，使免疫系统能够识别和杀死入侵的病原体，并作为治疗成分缓解肠道炎症。在这里，我们总结了外泌体在细菌感染中的作用的现有知识，并强调了它们作为生物标志物、疫苗和治疗分子载体在炎症性肠病中的潜在用途。
