Feijóo Claudio, Kwon Youngsun, Bauer Johannes M, Bohlin Erik, Howell Bronwyn, Jain Rekha, Potgieter Petrus, Vu Khuong, Whalley Jason, Xia Jun
Technical University of Madrid, Spain.
Tongji University, China.
Telecomm Policy. 2020 Jul;44(6):101988. doi: 10.1016/j.telpol.2020.101988. Epub 2020 May 6.
The field of artificial intelligence (AI) is experiencing a period of intense progress due to the consolidation of several key technological enablers. AI is already deployed widely and has a high impact on work and daily life activities. The continuation of this process will likely contribute to deep economic and social changes. To realise the tremendous benefits of AI while mitigating undesirable effects will require enlightened responses by many stakeholders. Varying national institutional, economic, political, and cultural conditions will influence how AI will affect convenience, efficiency, personalisation, privacy protection, and surveillance of citizens. Many expect that the winners of the AI development race will dominate the coming decades economically and geopolitically, potentially exacerbating tensions between countries. Moreover, nations are under pressure to protect their citizens and their interests-and even their own political stability-in the face of possible malicious or biased uses of AI. On the one hand, these different stressors and emphases in AI development and deployment among nations risk a fragmentation between world regions that threatens technology evolution and collaboration. On the other hand, some level of differentiation will likely enrich the global AI ecosystem in ways that stimulate innovation and introduce competitive checks and balances through the decentralisation of AI development. International cooperation, typically orchestrated by intergovernmental and non-governmental organisations, private sector initiatives, and by academic researchers, has improved common welfare and avoided undesirable outcomes in other technology areas. Because AI will most likely have more fundamental effects on our lives than other recent technologies, stronger forms of cooperation that address broader policy and governance challenges in addition to regulatory and technological issues may be needed. At a time of great challenges among nations, international policy coordination remains a necessary instrument to tackle the ethical, cultural, economic, and political repercussions of AI. We propose to advance the emerging concept of technology diplomacy to facilitate the global alignment of AI policy and governance and create a vibrant AI innovation system. We argue that the prevention of malicious uses of AI and the enhancement of human welfare create strong common interests across jurisdictions that require sustained efforts to develop better, mutually beneficial approaches. We hope that new technology diplomacy will facilitate the dialogues necessary to help all interested parties develop a shared understanding and coordinate efforts to utilise AI for the benefit of humanity, a task whose difficulty should not be underestimated.
由于多种关键技术推动因素的整合，人工智能（AI）领域正经历着一段快速发展的时期。人工智能已经得到广泛应用，并对工作和日常生活活动产生了重大影响。这一进程的持续推进可能会引发深刻的经济和社会变革。要在实现人工智能巨大益处的同时减轻不良影响，需要众多利益相关者做出明智的回应。各国不同的制度、经济、政治和文化条件将影响人工智能对公民便利性、效率、个性化、隐私保护和监控的作用方式。许多人预计，人工智能发展竞赛的赢家将在未来几十年在经济和地缘政治方面占据主导地位，这可能会加剧国家之间的紧张关系。此外，面对人工智能可能被恶意使用或存在偏见的情况，各国面临着保护本国公民及其利益乃至自身政治稳定的压力。一方面，各国在人工智能开发和部署中面临的这些不同压力源和重点，有可能导致世界各地区之间出现分裂，从而威胁到技术的发展和合作。另一方面，某种程度的差异化可能会以刺激创新并通过人工智能开发的分散化引入竞争性制衡机制的方式，丰富全球人工智能生态系统。由政府间组织、非政府组织、私营部门倡议以及学术研究人员精心组织的国际合作，在其他技术领域提升了共同福祉并避免了不良后果。由于人工智能对我们生活的影响很可能比其他近期技术更为根本，因此可能需要更强有力的合作形式，以应对除监管和技术问题之外更广泛的政策和治理挑战。在国家间面临巨大挑战之际，国际政策协调仍然是应对人工智能的伦理、文化、经济和政治影响的必要手段。我们提议推进新兴的技术外交概念，以促进人工智能政策和治理的全球协调一致，并创建一个充满活力的人工智能创新体系。我们认为，防止人工智能被恶意使用并增进人类福祉，在不同司法管辖区之间创造了强大的共同利益，这需要持续努力以制定更好的互利方法。我们希望新的技术外交将促进必要的对话，以帮助所有相关方形成共同理解，并协调各方努力，使人工智能造福人类，这项任务的难度不容小觑。
