Assessment of metal pollution impacts on Tilapia zillii and Mugil cephalus inhabiting Qaroun and Wadi El-Rayan lakes, Egypt, using integrated biomarkers.

Qaroun and Wadi El-Rayan lakes are exposed to a huge amount of discharges from different sources and numerous anthropogenic activities. Therefore, the present work aimed to evaluate the impacts of metal pollution on two wild fish species; Tilapia zillii and Mugil cephalus collected from lake Qaroun (eastern and western parts) and Wadi El-Rayan lakes (upper and lower lakes). Accumulation of metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in water, sediment, and five vital tissues as well as metal pollution index (MPI), contamination factor (CF), and pollution load index (PLI) were integrated as metal pollution biomarkers. Generally, these integrated endpoints had the same trend and indicated that the eastern part of lake Qaroun was the most polluted site followed by the lower lake of Wadi El-Rayan. To assess the environmental genotoxicity, the percentage DNA damage in different tissues of both fish species was estimated using the comet assay technique. The percentage of DNA damages showed tissue-, species- and site-specification. Hazard index (HI) has been used as an evaluation index for human health associated with fish consumption at the studied sites. This index showed that all metals were in the safe limits at normal consumption levels while adverse health effects are expected to occur at the subsistence consumption level. The safe HI for each metal at normal consumption level does not neglect that the combined cumulative risk impact of all metals is a sign of warning and the health of fish consumers nearby contaminated sites is threatened.