Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany.
Curr Pharm Des. 2020;26(29):3554-3568. doi: 10.2174/1381612826666200513113140.
The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, is a worldwide insect pest of stored products, particularly food grains, and a powerful model organism for developmental, physiological and applied entomological research on coleopteran species. Among coleopterans, T. castaneum has the most fully sequenced and annotated genome and consequently provides the most advanced genetic model of a coleopteran pest. The beetle is also easy to culture and has a short generation time. Research on this beetle is further assisted by the availability of expressed sequence tags and transcriptomic data. Most importantly, it exhibits a very robust response to systemic RNA interference (RNAi), and a database of RNAi phenotypes (iBeetle) is available. Finally, classical transposonbased techniques together with CRISPR/Cas-mediated gene knockout and genome editing allow the creation of transgenic lines. As T. castaneum develops resistance rapidly to many classes of insecticides including organophosphates, methyl carbamates, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids and insect growth regulators such as chitin synthesis inhibitors, it is further a suitable test system for studying resistance mechanisms. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in research focusing on the mode of action of insecticides and mechanisms of resistance identified using T. castaneum as a pest model.
红粉虫，Tribolium castaneum，是一种世界性的仓储害虫，尤其以粮食谷物为食，也是鞘翅目昆虫在发育、生理和应用昆虫学研究方面的有力模式生物。在鞘翅目昆虫中，T. castaneum 的基因组测序和注释最为完整，因此提供了最先进的鞘翅目害虫遗传模型。这种甲虫也很容易培养，并且世代周期短。该甲虫的研究还得益于表达序列标签和转录组数据的可用性。最重要的是，它对系统性 RNA 干扰（RNAi）表现出非常强的反应，并且有一个 RNAi 表型数据库（iBeetle）可用。最后，经典的转座子技术以及 CRISPR/Cas 介导的基因敲除和基因组编辑允许创建转基因系。由于 T. castaneum 对包括有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯、新烟碱和几丁质合成抑制剂在内的许多类杀虫剂迅速产生抗药性，因此它是研究抗药性机制的合适测试系统。在这篇综述中，我们将总结使用 T. castaneum 作为害虫模型研究杀虫剂作用模式和抗药性机制方面的最新进展。
